Lewis Ryan C, Cantonwine David E, Anzalota Del Toro Liza V, Calafat Antonia M, Valentin-Blasini Liza, Davis Mark D, Montesano M Angela, Alshawabkeh Akram N, Cordero José F, Meeker John D
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Apr 15;512-513:337-344. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.059. Epub 2015 Jan 27.
Globally, human exposures to organophosphate (OP) insecticides may pose a significant burden to the health of mothers and their developing fetuses. Unfortunately, relevant data is limited in certain areas of the world concerning sources of exposure to OP insecticides in pregnant populations. To begin to address this gap in information for Puerto Rico, we studied repeated measures of urinary concentrations of 10 OP insecticide metabolites among 54 pregnant women from the northern karst region of the island. We also collected demographic data and self-reported information on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in the past 48 h before urine collection and home pest-related issues. We calculated the distributions of the urinary biomarkers and compared them to women of reproductive age from the general U.S. population. We also used statistical models accounting for correlated data to assess within-subject temporal variability of the urinary biomarkers and to identify predictors of exposure. We found that for all but two metabolites (para-nitrophenol [PNP], diethylthiophosphate [DETP]), 50th or 95th percentile urinary concentrations (the metric that was used for comparison was based on the biomarker's detection frequency) of the other eight metabolites (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPY], 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine, malathion dicarboxylic acid, diethylphosphate, diethyldithiophosphate, dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate [DMTP], dimethyldithiophosphate) were somewhat lower in our cohort compared with similarly aged women from the continental United States. TCPY, PNP, DETP, and DMTP, which were the only urinary metabolites detected in greater than 50% of the samples, had poor reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.19-0.28) during pregnancy. Positive predictors of OP insecticide exposure included: age; marital or employment status; consumption of cherries, grape juice, peanuts, peanut butter, or raisins; and residential application of pesticides. Further research is needed to understand what aspects of the predictors identified influence OP insecticide exposure during pregnancy.
在全球范围内，人类接触有机磷酸酯（OP）杀虫剂可能会给母亲及其发育中的胎儿的健康带来重大负担。不幸的是，世界某些地区关于孕妇接触OP杀虫剂的来源的相关数据有限。为了开始填补波多黎各在这方面的信息空白，我们研究了该岛北部岩溶地区54名孕妇尿液中10种OP杀虫剂代谢物浓度的重复测量值。我们还收集了人口统计学数据以及在尿液采集前48小时内水果、蔬菜和豆类的消费情况以及家庭虫害相关问题的自我报告信息。我们计算了尿液生物标志物的分布，并将其与美国普通育龄妇女进行比较。我们还使用考虑相关数据的统计模型来评估尿液生物标志物的个体内时间变异性，并确定接触的预测因素。我们发现，除了两种代谢物（对硝基苯酚[PNP]、二乙基硫代磷酸酯[DETP]）外，其他八种代谢物（3,5,6 - 三氯 - 2 - 吡啶醇[TCPY]、2 - 异丙基 - 4 - 甲基 - 6 - 羟基嘧啶、马拉硫磷二羧酸、二乙基磷酸酯、二乙基二硫代磷酸酯、二甲基磷酸酯、二甲基硫代磷酸酯[DMTP]、二甲基二硫代磷酸酯）的第50或第95百分位数尿液浓度（用于比较的指标基于生物标志物的检测频率）在我们的队列中与来自美国大陆的年龄相仿的女性相比略低。TCPY、PNP、DETP和DMTP是在超过50%的样本中检测到的仅有的尿液代谢物，在孕期具有较差的重现性（组内相关系数范围：0.19 - 0.28）。OP杀虫剂接触的阳性预测因素包括：年龄；婚姻或就业状况；食用樱桃、葡萄汁、花生、花生酱或葡萄干；以及在居住地使用杀虫剂。需要进一步研究以了解所确定的预测因素的哪些方面会影响孕期OP杀虫剂的接触。
