Petersen Richard C
Restorative Sciences, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 539, 1919 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
Metals (Basel). 2014 Dec;4(4):549-569. doi: 10.3390/met4040549.
The aim of the article is to present recent developments in material research with bisphenyl-polymer/carbon-fiber-reinforced composite that have produced highly influential results toward improving upon current titanium bone implant clinical osseointegration success. Titanium is now the standard intra-oral tooth root/bone implant material with biocompatible interface relationships that confer potential osseointegration. Titanium produces a TiO oxide surface layer reactively that can provide chemical bonding through various electron interactions as a possible explanation for biocompatibility. Nevertheless, titanium alloy implants produce corrosion particles and fail by mechanisms generally related to surface interaction on bone to promote an inflammation with fibrous aseptic loosening or infection that can require implant removal. Further, lowered oxygen concentrations from poor vasculature at a foreign metal surface interface promote a build-up of host-cell-related electrons as free radicals and proton acid that can encourage infection and inflammation to greatly influence implant failure. To provide improved osseointegration many different coating processes and alternate polymer matrix composite (PMC) solutions have been considered that supply new designing potential to possibly overcome problems with titanium bone implants. Now for important consideration, PMCs have decisive biofunctional fabrication possibilities while maintaining mechanical properties from addition of high-strengthening varied fiber-reinforcement and complex fillers/additives to include hydroxyapatite or antimicrobial incorporation through thermoset polymers that cure at low temperatures. Topics/issues reviewed in this manuscript include titanium corrosion, implant infection, coatings and the new epoxy/carbon-fiber implant results discussing osseointegration with biocompatibility related to nonpolar molecular attractions with secondary bonding, carbon fiber properties, electrical semiconductors, stress transfer, additives with low thermal PMC processing and new coating possibilities.
本文的目的是介绍双苯基聚合物/碳纤维增强复合材料在材料研究方面的最新进展，这些进展在改善当前钛骨植入物临床骨整合成功率方面产生了极具影响力的结果。钛目前是标准的口腔内牙根/骨植入材料，具有生物相容性界面关系，赋予潜在的骨整合能力。钛会反应性地产生一层TiO氧化表面层，通过各种电子相互作用提供化学键合，这可能是生物相容性的一种解释。然而，钛合金植入物会产生腐蚀颗粒，并因通常与骨表面相互作用相关的机制而失效，从而引发纤维性无菌性松动或感染的炎症，这可能需要移除植入物。此外，在异物金属表面界面处，由于血管分布不佳导致氧气浓度降低，会促使宿主细胞相关电子以自由基和质子酸的形式积累，从而引发感染和炎症，极大地影响植入物的失败。为了提供更好的骨整合效果，人们考虑了许多不同的涂层工艺和替代聚合物基复合材料（PMC）解决方案，这些方案提供了新的设计潜力，有可能克服钛骨植入物的问题。现在需要重要考虑的是，PMC在保持机械性能的同时，具有决定性的生物功能制造可能性，这是通过添加高强度的各种纤维增强材料和复杂的填料/添加剂来实现的，包括通过低温固化的热固性聚合物掺入羟基磷灰石或抗菌剂。本手稿中回顾的主题/问题包括钛的腐蚀、植入物感染、涂层以及新的环氧树脂/碳纤维植入物结果，讨论了与非极性分子吸引力和二次键合相关的生物相容性骨整合、碳纤维特性、电半导体、应力传递、低热PMC加工的添加剂以及新的涂层可能性。
