Wu Jian, Zhang Weiqian, Xu Jiaxuan, Che Yue
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
Environ Monit Assess. 2015 Mar;187(3):60. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4305-0. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
Rapid industrialization and economic development have caused a tremendous increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in China. China began implementing a policy of MSW disposal fees for household waste management at the end of last century. Three charging methods were implemented throughout the country: a fixed disposal fee, a potable water-based disposal fee, and a plastic bag-based disposal fee. To date, there has been little qualitative or quantitative analysis on the effectiveness of this relatively new policy. This paper provides a general overview of MSW fee policy in China, attempts to verify whether the policy is successful in reducing general waste collected, and proposes an improved charging system to address current problems. The paper presents an empirical statistical analysis of policy effectiveness derived from an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) test on panel data of China. EKC tests on different kinds of MSW charge systems were then examined for individual provinces or cities. A comparison of existing charging systems was conducted using environmental and economic criteria. The results indicate the following: (1) the MSW policies implemented over the study period were effective in the reduction of waste generation, (2) the household waste discharge fee policy did not act as a strong driver in terms of waste prevention and reduction, and (3) the plastic bag-based disposal fee appeared to be performing well according to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Based on current situation of waste discharging management in China, a three-stage transitional charging scheme is proposed and both advantages and drawbacks discussed. Evidence suggests that a transition from a fixed disposal fee to a plastic bag-based disposal fee involving various stakeholders should be the next objective of waste reduction efforts.
快速的工业化和经济发展导致中国城市生活垃圾（MSW）的产生量大幅增加。中国自上世纪末开始实施生活垃圾处理收费政策，以管理生活垃圾。全国范围内实施了三种收费方式：固定处理费、以饮用水为基础的处理费和以塑料袋为基础的处理费。迄今为止，对于这一相对较新政策的有效性，几乎没有定性或定量分析。本文对中国的生活垃圾收费政策进行了总体概述，试图验证该政策在减少收集的一般垃圾方面是否成功，并提出一种改进的收费系统以解决当前问题。本文呈现了基于中国面板数据的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）检验得出的政策有效性实证统计分析。随后针对各个省份或城市对不同种类的生活垃圾收费系统进行了EKC检验。使用环境和经济标准对现有收费系统进行了比较。结果表明：（1）在研究期间实施的生活垃圾政策在减少垃圾产生方面是有效的；（2）生活垃圾排放费政策在预防和减少垃圾方面并非强有力的驱动因素；（3）根据定性和定量分析，以塑料袋为基础的处理费似乎表现良好。基于中国垃圾排放管理的现状，提出了一个三阶段的过渡收费方案，并讨论了其优缺点。有证据表明，从固定处理费向涉及各利益相关方的以塑料袋为基础的处理费过渡应是下一步垃圾减量工作的目标。
