Al Mawly J, Grinberg A, Prattley D, Moffat J, Marshall J, French N
mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand.
Infectious Diseases Group, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand.
Vet J. 2015 Feb;203(2):155-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.010. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
To investigate the risk factors for neonatal calf diarrhoea, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 97 New Zealand dairy farms. Faecal specimens from 1283 calves were scored as liquid, semi-solid or solid, and analysed for bovine rotavirus (BRV) and coronavirus (BCV), enterotoxigenic K99(+)Escherichia coli (K99), Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium parvum. Calf- and farm-level data were collected by means of a questionnaire and the odds of liquid faeces calculated using mixed effects logistic regression models. Among the infectious agents, only C. parvum (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-5.6; P = 0.02), BRV (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.9; P = 0.01) and co-infection with more than one agent (compared with mono-infection: OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.8; P = 0.01) were associated with increased odds of liquid faeces in calves which were 9 to 21 days old. Housing of calves in open barns so exposing them to the weather was also associated with increased odds of liquid faeces compared with closed barns (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-12.2; P = 0.03). Vaccinating cows against calf enteropathogens (OR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9; P = 0.03), administering waste milk (from mastitis and/or containing antibiotics; OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P = 0.01), the sex of calves (females compared to males OR = 0.2, 95% CI, 0.07-0.7; P <0.01), and the use of straw for bedding (OR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.03-0.9; P = 0.03) decreased the odds of liquid faeces. Conversely, in calves that were 1 to 5 days old, only K99 was associated with liquid faeces (OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2-16.1; P = 0.02). In this age group, the odds of liquid faeces were smaller on farms where females took care of the calves, compared with males (OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.01-0.9; P = 0.04).
为了调查新生犊牛腹泻的风险因素，对97个新西兰奶牛场进行了一项横断面研究。对1283头犊牛的粪便样本进行评分，分为液态、半固态或固态，并分析其中的牛轮状病毒（BRV）、冠状病毒（BCV）、产肠毒素性K99(+)大肠杆菌（K99）、沙门氏菌属和微小隐孢子虫。通过问卷调查收集犊牛和农场层面的数据，并使用混合效应逻辑回归模型计算液态粪便的比值比。在这些感染因子中，仅微小隐孢子虫（比值比[OR]=2.6；95%置信区间[CI]，1.3 - 5.6；P=0.02）、牛轮状病毒（OR=2.7；95%CI，1.3 - 5.9；P=0.01）以及多种病原体共同感染（与单一感染相比：OR=2.5；95%CI，1.3 - 4.8；P=0.01）与9至21日龄犊牛液态粪便的比值比增加有关。与封闭牛舍相比，将犊牛饲养在开放式牛舍中使其暴露于天气下也与液态粪便的比值比增加有关（OR=2.1；95%CI，1.1 - 12.2；P=0.03）。给母牛接种预防犊牛肠道病原体的疫苗（OR=0.2；95%CI，0.1 - 0.9；P=0.03）、喂饲废牛奶（来自患乳腺炎的奶牛和/或含有抗生素；OR=0.4；95%CI，0.1 - 0.8；P=0.01）、犊牛的性别（雌性与雄性相比OR=0.2，95%CI，0.07 - 0.7；P<0.01）以及使用稻草作为垫料（OR=0.2；95%CI，0.03 - 0.9；P=0.03）可降低液态粪便的比值比。相反，在1至5日龄的犊牛中，仅K99与液态粪便有关（OR=4.6；95%CI，1.2 - 16.1；P=0.02）。在这个年龄组中，与雄性照顾犊牛的农场相比，雌性照顾犊牛的农场中犊牛出现液态粪便的比值比更小（OR=0.4；95%CI，0.01 - 0.9；P=0.04）。
