Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB no. 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia; Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia; School of the Environment, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2015 Apr 1;152:201-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.045. Epub 2015 Feb 12.
Oceans, particularly coastal areas, are getting busier and within this increasingly human-dominated seascape, marine biodiversity continues to decline. Attempts to maintain and restore marine biodiversity are becoming more spatial, principally through the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs compete for space with other uses, and the emergence of new industries, such as marine renewable energy generation, will increase competition for space. Decision makers require guidance on how to zone the ocean to conserve biodiversity, mitigate conflict and accommodate multiple uses. Here we used empirical data and freely available planning software to identified priority areas for multiple ocean zones, which incorporate goals for biodiversity conservation, two types of renewable energy, and three types of fishing. We developed an approached to evaluate trade-offs between industries and we investigated the impacts of co-locating some fishing activities within renewable energy sites. We observed non-linear trade-offs between industries. We also found that different subsectors within those industries experienced very different trade-off curves. Incorporating co-location resulted in significant reductions in cost to the fishing industry, including fisheries that were not co-located. Co-location also altered the optimal location of renewable energy zones with planning solutions. Our findings have broad implications for ocean zoning and marine spatial planning. In particular, they highlight the need to include industry subsectors when assessing trade-offs and they stress the importance of considering co-location opportunities from the outset. Our research reinforces the need for multi-industry ocean-zoning and demonstrates how it can be undertaken within the framework of strategic conservation planning.
海洋，尤其是沿海地区，变得越来越繁忙。在这个人类主导的海洋景观中，海洋生物多样性持续减少。为了维持和恢复海洋生物多样性，人们越来越多地尝试进行空间规划，主要是通过设立海洋保护区 (MPA)。MPA 与其他用途竞争空间，而新产业的出现，如海洋可再生能源的产生，将进一步加剧空间竞争。决策者需要指导如何对海洋进行分区，以保护生物多样性、缓解冲突和容纳多种用途。在这里，我们使用经验数据和免费的规划软件来确定多个海洋区域的优先区域，这些区域纳入了生物多样性保护、两种可再生能源类型和三种渔业类型的目标。我们开发了一种评估产业间权衡取舍的方法，并研究了在可再生能源场址内协调一些渔业活动的影响。我们观察到各产业之间存在非线性的权衡取舍。我们还发现，这些产业内的不同子行业经历了非常不同的权衡取舍曲线。协调共存导致渔业成本显著降低，包括未协调共存的渔业。协调共存还改变了可再生能源区规划解决方案的最佳位置。我们的研究结果对海洋分区和海洋空间规划具有广泛的影响。特别是，它们强调在评估权衡取舍时需要包括产业子行业，并强调从一开始就考虑协调共存机会的重要性。我们的研究强调了多产业海洋分区的必要性，并展示了如何在战略保护规划框架内进行这种分区。
