Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA.
Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, 93407, USA.
Ecol Appl. 2017 Mar;27(2):416-428. doi: 10.1002/eap.1446. Epub 2017 Feb 16.
Marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly utilized to sustainably manage ocean uses. Marine protected areas (MPAs), a form of spatial management in which parts of the ocean are regulated to fishing, are now a common tool in MSP for conserving marine biodiversity and managing fisheries. However, the use of MPAs in MSP often neglects, or simplifies, the redistribution of fishing and non-fishing activities inside and outside of MPAs following their implementation. This redistribution of effort can have important implications for effective MSP. Using long-term (14 yr) aerial surveys of boats at the California Channel Islands, we examined the spatial redistribution of fishing and non-fishing activities and their drivers following MPA establishment. Our data represent 6 yr of information before the implementation of an MPA network and 8 yr after implementation. Different types of boats responded in different ways to the closures, ranging from behaviors by commercial dive boats that support the hypothesis of fishing-the-line, to behaviors by urchin, sport fishing, and recreational boats that support the theory of ideal free distribution. Additionally, we found that boats engaged in recreational activities targeted areas that are sheltered from large waves and located near their home ports, while boats engaged in fishing activities also avoided high wave areas but were not constrained by the distance to their home ports. We did not observe the expected pattern of effort concentration near MPA borders for some boat types; this can be explained by the habitat preference of certain activities (for some activities, the desired habitat attributes are not inside the MPAs), species' biology (species such as urchins where the MPA benefit would likely come from larval export rather than adult spillover), or policy-infraction avoidance. The diversity of boat responses reveals variance from the usual simplified assumption that all extractive boats respond similarly to MPA establishment. Our work is the first empirical study to analyze the response of both commercial and recreational boats to closure. Our results will inform MSP in better accounting for effort redistribution by ocean users in response to the implementation of MPAs and other closures.
海洋空间规划（MSP）越来越多地被用于可持续地管理海洋利用。海洋保护区（MPA）是一种空间管理形式，其中部分海域受到捕捞的管制，现在是 MSP 中保护海洋生物多样性和管理渔业的常用工具。然而，在 MSP 中使用 MPAs 通常会忽略或简化其实施后在 MPA 内外重新分配捕捞和非捕捞活动。这种努力的重新分配对有效的 MSP 具有重要意义。我们使用加利福尼亚海峡群岛的船只的长期（14 年）航空调查，研究了 MPA 建立后捕捞和非捕捞活动及其驱动因素的空间再分配。我们的数据代表了在实施 MPA 网络之前的 6 年和之后的 8 年的信息。不同类型的船只对关闭做出了不同的反应，从商业潜水船支持捕鱼线的行为，到支持理想自由分布理论的海胆、运动钓鱼和休闲船的行为。此外，我们发现，从事休闲活动的船只瞄准了避风避浪的区域，并且位于其母港附近，而从事捕捞活动的船只也避开了高浪区，但不受到其母港距离的限制。我们没有观察到某些船只类型在 MPA 边界附近预期的努力集中模式；这可以解释为某些活动的栖息地偏好（对于某些活动，所需的栖息地属性不在 MPA 内）、物种的生物学（例如，海胆等物种，其 MPA 效益可能来自幼虫出口而不是成虫溢出）或政策违规避免。船只反应的多样性揭示了与通常的简化假设的差异，即所有提取船只会对 MPA 的建立做出类似的反应。我们的工作是第一项分析商业和休闲船只对关闭反应的实证研究。我们的研究结果将为 MSP 提供信息，以便更好地考虑海洋使用者在实施 MPAs 和其他关闭措施后对努力重新分配的响应。
