Schulte Erica M, Avena Nicole M, Gearhardt Ashley N
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research Center, Mount Sinai- St. Luke's Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2015 Feb 18;10(2):e0117959. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117959. eCollection 2015.
We propose that highly processed foods share pharmacokinetic properties (e.g. concentrated dose, rapid rate of absorption) with drugs of abuse, due to the addition of fat and/or refined carbohydrates and the rapid rate the refined carbohydrates are absorbed into the system, indicated by glycemic load (GL). The current study provides preliminary evidence for the foods and food attributes implicated in addictive-like eating.
Cross-sectional.
University (Study One) and community (Study Two).
120 undergraduates participated in Study One and 384 participants recruited through Amazon MTurk participated in Study Two.
In Study One, participants (n = 120) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) followed by a forced-choice task to indicate which foods, out of 35 foods varying in nutritional composition, were most associated with addictive-like eating behaviors. Using the same 35 foods, Study Two utilized hierarchical linear modeling to investigate which food attributes (e.g., fat grams) were related to addictive-like eating behavior (at level one) and explored the influence of individual differences for this association (at level two).
In Study One, processed foods, higher in fat and GL, were most frequently associated with addictive-like eating behaviors. In Study Two, processing was a large, positive predictor for whether a food was associated with problematic, addictive-like eating behaviors. BMI and YFAS symptom count were small-to-moderate, positive predictors for this association. In a separate model, fat and GL were large, positive predictors of problematic food ratings. YFAS symptom count was a small, positive predictor of the relationship between GL and food ratings.
The current study provides preliminary evidence that not all foods are equally implicated in addictive-like eating behavior, and highly processed foods, which may share characteristics with drugs of abuse (e.g. high dose, rapid rate of absorption) appear to be particularly associated with "food addiction."
我们提出，由于添加了脂肪和/或精制碳水化合物，以及精制碳水化合物被吸收进入系统的速度很快（由血糖负荷（GL）表明），高度加工食品与滥用药物具有相同的药代动力学特性（例如剂量集中、吸收速度快）。当前的研究为与成瘾性饮食有关的食物和食物属性提供了初步证据。
横断面研究。
大学（研究一）和社区（研究二）。
120名本科生参与了研究一，通过亚马逊土耳其机器人招募的384名参与者参与了研究二。
在研究一中，参与者（n = 120）完成了耶鲁食物成瘾量表（YFAS），随后进行了一项强制选择任务，以指出在35种营养成分不同的食物中，哪些食物与成瘾性饮食行为最相关。研究二使用相同的35种食物，采用分层线性模型来研究哪些食物属性（例如脂肪克数）与成瘾性饮食行为相关（在第一层），并探讨个体差异对这种关联的影响（在第二层）。
在研究一中，脂肪和GL含量较高的加工食品最常与成瘾性饮食行为相关。在研究二中，加工是食物是否与有问题的、成瘾性饮食行为相关的一个大的、正向预测因素。BMI和YFAS症状计数是这种关联的小到中等程度的正向预测因素。在一个单独的模型中，脂肪和GL是有问题的食物评分的大的、正向预测因素。YFAS症状计数是GL与食物评分之间关系的一个小的、正向预测因素。
当前的研究提供了初步证据，表明并非所有食物都同样与成瘾性饮食行为有关，而高度加工食品可能与滥用药物具有共同特征（例如高剂量、吸收速度快），似乎尤其与“食物成瘾”有关。
