Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Environ Pollut. 2015 Apr;199:253-60. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.032. Epub 2015 Feb 16.
Diclofenac is widely used as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug leaving residues in the environment. To investigate effects on terrestrial ecosystems, we measured dissipation rate in soil and investigated ecotoxicological and transcriptome-wide responses in Folsomia candida. Exposure for 4 weeks to diclofenac reduced both survival and reproduction of F. candida in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations ≥ 200 mg/kg soil diclofenac remained stable in the soil during a 21-day incubation period. Microarrays examined transcriptional changes at low and high diclofenac exposure concentrations. The results indicated that development and growth were severely hampered and immunity-related genes, mainly directed against bacteria and fungi, were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, neural metabolic processes were significantly affected only at the high concentration. We conclude that diclofenac is toxic to non-target soil invertebrates, although its mode of action is different from the mammalian toxicity. The genetic markers proposed in this study may be promising early markers for diclofenac ecotoxicity.
双氯芬酸作为一种被广泛应用的非甾体类抗炎药物，会在环境中残留。为了研究其对陆地生态系统的影响，我们测量了双氯芬酸在土壤中的消解速率，并研究了其对 Folsomia candida 的生态毒性和全转录组响应。暴露于双氯芬酸中 4 周会导致 F. candida 的存活率和繁殖率呈剂量依赖性降低。在 21 天的孵育期内，土壤中二氯芬酸的浓度≥200mg/kg 时保持稳定。微阵列检测了低浓度和高浓度双氯芬酸暴露下的转录变化。结果表明，双氯芬酸严重阻碍了 F. candida 的发育和生长，并且与免疫相关的基因，主要针对细菌和真菌，被显著上调。此外，只有在高浓度下，神经代谢过程才会受到显著影响。我们得出结论，双氯芬酸对非靶标土壤无脊椎动物具有毒性，尽管其作用模式与哺乳动物毒性不同。本研究提出的遗传标记可能是双氯芬酸生态毒性的有前途的早期标记物。
