Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Zambello E
Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy; Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole of the University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44123 Ferrara, Italy.
Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 May 1;514:467-91. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.020. Epub 2015 Feb 16.
This study overviews lessons learned from experimental investigations on dedicated treatment systems of hospital effluent carried out worldwide in the last twenty years. It includes 48 peer reviewed papers from 1995 to 2015 assessing the efficacy of different treatment levels (preliminary, primary, secondary and polishing) of hospital wastewater in removing a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical compounds as well as conventional contaminants. Moreover, it highlights the rationale and the reasons for each study: reducing the discharge of micropollutants in surface water, improving existing wastewater treatment technologies and reducing the risk of spread of pathogens causing endemic diseases and finally, it offers a critical analysis of the conclusions and suggestions of each study. The most investigated technologies are membrane bioreactors equipped with ultrafiltration membranes in the secondary step, ozonation followed by activated carbon filtration (in powder and in granules) in the polishing step. Interesting research projects deal with photo-Fenton processes acting as primary treatments to enhance biodegradation before biological treatment, and as a polishing step, thus further reducing micro-contaminant occurrence. Investment and operational costs are also presented and discussed for the different treatment technologies tested worldwide, in particular membrane bioreactors and various advanced oxidation processes. This study also discusses the need for further research to evaluate toxicity resulting from advanced oxidation processes as well as the need to develop an accurate feasibility study that encompasses technical, ecotoxicological and economic aspects to identify the best available treatment in the different situations from a global view point.
本研究概述了过去二十年来全球范围内对医院污水专用处理系统进行实验研究所得的经验教训。它涵盖了1995年至2015年的48篇经同行评审的论文，这些论文评估了医院废水不同处理级别（预处理、一级处理、二级处理和深度处理）在去除多种药物化合物以及常规污染物方面的效果。此外，它突出了每项研究的基本原理和原因：减少地表水中微污染物的排放、改进现有废水处理技术以及降低导致地方病的病原体传播风险，最后，它对每项研究的结论和建议进行了批判性分析。研究最多的技术是在二级处理步骤中配备超滤膜的膜生物反应器，以及在深度处理步骤中采用臭氧氧化后接活性炭过滤（粉末状和颗粒状）。有趣的研究项目涉及光芬顿工艺，该工艺在生物处理前作为预处理以增强生物降解，以及作为深度处理步骤，从而进一步减少微污染物的出现。还介绍并讨论了全球范围内测试的不同处理技术的投资和运营成本，特别是膜生物反应器和各种高级氧化工艺。本研究还讨论了进一步开展研究以评估高级氧化工艺产生的毒性的必要性，以及开展涵盖技术、生态毒理学和经济方面的准确可行性研究以从全球角度确定不同情况下最佳可用处理方法的必要性。
