Goel Namni, Basner Mathias, Dinges David F
Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Methods Enzymol. 2015;552:285-308. doi: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.10.024. Epub 2014 Dec 26.
The two-process model of sleep-wake regulation posits a neurobiological drive for sleep that varies homeostatically (increasing as a saturating exponential during wakefulness and decreasing in a like manner during sleep) and a circadian process that neurobiologically modulates both the homeostatic drive for sleep and waking alertness and performance. Endogenous circadian rhythms in neurobehavioral functions, including physiological alertness and cognitive performance, have been demonstrated using laboratory protocols that reveal the interaction of the biological clock with the sleep homeostatic drive. Acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction increase homeostatic sleep drive and degrade waking neurobehavioral functions as reflected in sleepiness, attention, cognitive speed, and memory. Notably, there is a high degree of stability in neurobehavioral responses to sleep loss, suggesting that these individual differences are trait-like and phenotypic and are not explained by subjects' baseline functioning or a number of other potential predictors. The Psychomotor Vigilance Test is an important tool for phenotyping as it is sensitive to acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction, is affected by the circadian and sleep homeostatic drives, shows large intersubject variability in the response to sleep loss, and tracks recovery from sleep restriction. Careful phenotyping is critical to accurately predict human performance (and individual differences) in situations in which the circadian and sleep homeostatic systems are perturbed such as acute total sleep loss, chronic sleep restriction, intermittent sleep loss, shift work, and jet lag.
睡眠-觉醒调节的双过程模型假定存在一种睡眠的神经生物学驱动力，其呈稳态变化（在清醒期间以饱和指数形式增加，在睡眠期间以类似方式减少），以及一种昼夜节律过程，该过程从神经生物学角度调节睡眠的稳态驱动力以及清醒时的警觉性和表现。使用揭示生物钟与睡眠稳态驱动力相互作用的实验室方案，已经证明了神经行为功能中的内源性昼夜节律，包括生理警觉性和认知表现。急性完全睡眠剥夺和慢性睡眠限制会增加稳态睡眠驱动力，并降低清醒时的神经行为功能，如困倦、注意力、认知速度和记忆力所反映的那样。值得注意的是，对睡眠剥夺的神经行为反应具有高度稳定性，这表明这些个体差异具有特质性和表型性，且不能用受试者的基线功能或其他一些潜在预测因素来解释。心理运动警觉性测试是一种重要的表型分析工具，因为它对急性完全睡眠剥夺和慢性睡眠限制敏感，受昼夜节律和睡眠稳态驱动力影响，在对睡眠剥夺的反应中表现出较大的个体间变异性，并能跟踪睡眠限制后的恢复情况。在昼夜节律和睡眠稳态系统受到干扰的情况下，如急性完全睡眠丧失、慢性睡眠限制、间歇性睡眠丧失、轮班工作和时差反应，仔细的表型分析对于准确预测人类表现（以及个体差异）至关重要。
