Gonzalez Javier T, Green Benjamin P, Brown Meghan A, Rumbold Penny L S, Turner Louise A, Stevenson Emma J
Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and.
J Nutr. 2015 Mar;145(3):476-82. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.205708. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
Prior evidence suggests that high-calcium intake influences postprandial appetite and insulinemia, possibly due to elevated incretins. In vitro and ex vivo models demonstrate that extracellular calcium and protein synergistically enhance secretion of incretins. This is yet to be shown in humans.
This study was designed to assess energy intake compensation in response to protein and calcium ingestion.
Twenty healthy adults (13 men; 7 women) completed 4 trials in a randomized, double-blind crossover design separated by ≥48 h. During the trials, each participant consumed a low-calcium and low-protein control preload [(CON); 4 g and 104 mg, respectively], a high-protein preload (PRO; 29 g), a high-calcium preload (CAL; 1170 mg), or a high-protein and high-calcium preload (PROCAL). Blood samples were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after preload ingestion to determine insulin and incretin hormone concentrations. Energy intake was assessed by a homogenous test meal 60 min after the preload. Visual analog scales were completed immediately before blood sampling to assess subjective appetite sensations.
Relative to the CON, the PRO produced 100% (95% CI: 85%, 115%) energy compensation, whereas the CAL produced significant overcompensation [118% (95% CI: 104%, 133%)], which was significantly more positive than with the PRO (P < 0.05). The PROCAL resulted in energy compensation of 109% (95% CI: 95%, 123%), which tended to be greater than with the PRO (P = 0.06). The mean difference in appetite sensations relative to the CON was not significantly different between the PRO (-3 mm; 95% CI: -8, 3 mm), CAL (-5 mm; 95% CI: -9, 0 mm), and PROCAL (-5 mm; 95% CI: -10, -1 mm) (P > 0.05).
The addition of protein to a preload results in almost perfect energy compensation, whereas the addition of calcium, with or without protein, suppresses appetite and produces overcompensation of subsequent energy intake. The role of circulating insulin and incretin concentrations in these responses, however, remains unclear. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01986036.
先前的证据表明，高钙摄入会影响餐后食欲和胰岛素血症，这可能是由于肠促胰岛素升高所致。体外和离体模型表明，细胞外钙和蛋白质可协同增强肠促胰岛素的分泌。但这一点在人体中尚未得到证实。
本研究旨在评估对蛋白质和钙摄入的能量摄入补偿情况。
20名健康成年人（13名男性；7名女性）采用随机、双盲交叉设计，进行4次试验，每次试验间隔≥48小时。在试验期间, 每位参与者摄入低钙低蛋白对照预负荷（CON；分别为4克和104毫克）、高蛋白预负荷（PRO；29克）、高钙预负荷（CAL；1170毫克）或高蛋白高钙预负荷（PROCAL）。在基线以及摄入预负荷后15、30、45和60分钟采集血样，以测定胰岛素和肠促胰岛素激素浓度。在摄入预负荷60分钟后，通过同质测试餐评估能量摄入情况。在采血前立即完成视觉模拟量表，以评估主观食欲感受。
相对于CON，PRO产生了100%（95%CI：85%，115%）的能量补偿，而CAL产生了显著的过度补偿[118%（95%CI：104%，133%）]，这比PRO产生的补偿显著更积极（P<0.05）。PROCAL导致的能量补偿为109%（95%CI：95%，123%），其趋势大于PRO（P=0.06）。相对于CON，PRO（-3毫米；95%CI：-8，3毫米）、CAL（-5毫米；95%CI：-9，0毫米）以及PROCAL（-5毫米；95%CI：-10，-1毫米）的食欲感受平均差异无显著差异（P>0.0）。
在预负荷中添加蛋白质可导致几乎完美的能量补偿，而添加钙（无论有无蛋白质）会抑制食欲并导致随后能量摄入的过度补偿。然而，循环胰岛素和肠促胰岛素浓度在这些反应中的作用仍不清楚。本试验已在clinicaltrials.gov上注册，注册号为NCT01986036。
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