Zhao Y, Shepherd T A, Li H, Xin H
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames.
Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark.
Poult Sci. 2015 Mar;94(3):518-33. doi: 10.3382/ps/peu076.
To comprehensively assess conventional vs. some alternative laying-hen housing systems under U.S. production conditions, a multi-institute and multi-disciplinary project, known as the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply (CSES) study, was carried out at a commercial egg production farm in the Midwestern United States over two single-cycle production flocks. The housing systems studied include a conventional cage house (200,000 hen capacity), an aviary house (50,000 hen capacity), and an enriched colony house (50,000 hen capacity). As an integral part of the CSES project, continual environmental monitoring over a 27-month period described in this paper quantifies indoor gaseous and particulate matter concentrations, thermal environment, and building ventilation rate of each house. Results showed that similar indoor thermal environments in all three houses were maintained through ventilation management and environmental control. Gaseous and particulate matter concentrations of the enriched colony house were comparable with those of the conventional cage house. In comparison, the aviary house had poorer indoor air quality, especially in wintertime, resulting from the presence of floor litter (higher ammonia levels) and hens' activities (higher particulate matter levels) in it. Specifically, daily mean indoor ammonia concentrations had the 95% confidence interval values of 3.8 to 4.2 (overall mean of 4.0) ppm for the conventional cage house; 6.2 to 7.2 (overall mean of 6.7) ppm for the aviary house; and 2.7 to 3.0 (overall mean of 2.8) ppm for the enriched colony house. The 95% confidence interval (overall mean) values of daily mean indoor carbon dioxide concentrations were 1997 to 2170 (2083) ppm for the conventional cage house, 2367 to 2582 (2475) ppm for the aviary house, and 2124 to 2309 (2216) ppm for the enriched colony house. Daily mean indoor methane concentrations were similar for all three houses, with 95% confidence interval values of 11.1 to 11.9 (overall mean of 11.5) ppm. The 95% confidence interval values (overall mean) of daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, in mg/m3, were, respectively, 0.57 to 0.61 (0.59) and 0.033 to 0.037 (0.035) for the conventional cage house, 3.61 to 4.29 (3.95) and 0.374 to 0.446 (0.410) for the aviary house, and 0.42 to 0.46 (0.44) and 0.054 to 0.059 (0.056) for the enriched colony house. Investigation of mitigation practices to improve indoor air quality of the litter-floor aviary housing system is warranted.
为了在美国生产条件下全面评估传统与一些替代蛋鸡养殖系统，一个名为可持续鸡蛋供应联盟（CSES）研究的多机构、多学科项目，在美国中西部的一个商业蛋鸡养殖场对两批单周期生产鸡群进行了研究。所研究的养殖系统包括一个传统鸡笼舍（饲养能力为200,000只母鸡）、一个禽舍（饲养能力为50,000只母鸡）和一个改良型群体鸡舍（饲养能力为50,000只母鸡）。作为CSES项目的一个组成部分，本文所描述的在27个月期间的持续环境监测对每个鸡舍的室内气体和颗粒物浓度、热环境以及建筑通风率进行了量化。结果表明，通过通风管理和环境控制，所有三个鸡舍都维持了相似的室内热环境。改良型群体鸡舍的气体和颗粒物浓度与传统鸡笼舍相当。相比之下，禽舍的室内空气质量较差，尤其是在冬季，这是由于舍内有垫料（氨水平较高）以及母鸡活动（颗粒物水平较高）。具体而言，传统鸡笼舍每日平均室内氨浓度的95%置信区间值为3.8至4.2（总体平均值为4.0）ppm；禽舍为6.2至7.2（总体平均值为6.7）ppm；改良型群体鸡舍为2.7至3.0（总体平均值为2.8）ppm。传统鸡笼舍每日平均室内二氧化碳浓度的95%置信区间（总体平均值）值为1997至2170（2083）ppm，禽舍为2367至2582（2475）ppm，改良型群体鸡舍为2124至2309（2216）ppm。所有三个鸡舍的每日平均室内甲烷浓度相似，95%置信区间值为11.1至11.9（总体平均值为11.5）ppm。传统鸡笼舍每日平均PM10和PM2.5浓度（单位：mg/m3）的95%置信区间值分别为0.57至0.61（0.59）和0.033至0.037（0.035），禽舍为3.61至4.29（3.95）和0.374至0.446（0.410），改良型群体鸡舍为0.42至0.46（0.44）和0.054至0.059（0.056）。有必要研究改善垫料地面禽舍养殖系统室内空气质量的缓解措施。
