Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Apr;12(4):195-204. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.37. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
Nanoscale systems are currently under investigation for multiple different diagnostic and therapeutic applications. These systems can be used to identify pathologically changed tissues or to selectively deliver drugs to these sites; both applications have an extremely high potential to ameliorate therapeutic outcomes for patients. Tissues as well as single cells can be targeted because of the small size of these systems, which enables enhanced diagnosis and increased specificity of therapy. Drug loads can be delivered directly to the site of action, which can result in a reduction in incidence and severity of adverse systemic effects. Several nano-based platform technologies are currently under investigation for use in therapeutic approaches, mainly for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapies. Although many nanoscale systems show promising therapeutic outcomes in preclinical studies, only a limited number are ready for clinical use. This Review will discuss the diverse nanomaterials currently available and the first specific uses for select gastroenterological and hepatological pathologies. The discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic applications will consider realities of market introduction of these sometimes very complex systems in light of remaining regulatory challenges and hurdles for industrial production.
目前，纳米系统正在被广泛研究，以应用于多种不同的诊断和治疗领域。这些系统可用于识别病理性变化的组织，或有选择地将药物递送到这些部位；这两种应用都极有潜力改善患者的治疗效果。由于这些系统的体积很小，因此可以靶向组织和单个细胞，从而提高诊断的准确性和治疗的特异性。药物负载可以直接递送到作用部位，从而减少不良反应的发生率和严重程度。目前有几种基于纳米的平台技术正在被研究用于治疗方法，主要用于抗炎和抗癌治疗。尽管许多纳米系统在临床前研究中显示出有前景的治疗效果，但只有有限数量的系统已准备好用于临床应用。这篇综述将讨论当前可用的各种纳米材料，以及针对特定的胃肠病学和肝脏病学病理学的首次具体应用。在讨论诊断和治疗应用时，将考虑到这些有时非常复杂的系统在市场引入方面的现实情况，以及在监管挑战和工业生产方面的障碍。
