Graham Barney S, Ambrosino Donna M
aVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda bClearPath Vaccines Company (CVC), Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015 May;10(3):129-34. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000154.
We describe the history of passive immunization to provide context for the series of articles to follow. The history of passive immunization with antibodies to prevent or treat infectious diseases is a story of different eras. There was an extraordinary era of discovery and clinical implementation before the chemical nature of antibodies was even known. This empirical process provided the resources and reagents used to describe and characterize humoral immunity, better define the chemical properties and structure of antibodies, and extend the clinical use of immunoglobulin products to treat or prevent multiple viral and bacterial diseases over the ensuing several decades. The next distinct era came with the discovery of processes to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and development of more specific therapies. Interestingly, mAb technology resulted in many products to treat autoimmune and allergic diseases, but only one common infectious disease, respiratory syncytial virus, and only in a restricted population of high-risk infants.
The current era began in 2003 with a series of publications demonstrating processes for rapidly producing human mAbs.
This technology combined with new sequencing technology, advances in structural biology, atomic-level molecular design, and increased capacity for synthetic biology, promises new opportunities to apply passive immunization to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
我们描述被动免疫的历史，为后续系列文章提供背景。用抗体进行被动免疫以预防或治疗传染病的历史是不同时代的故事。在抗体的化学性质还不为人知之前，就有一个非凡的发现和临床应用时代。这一经验过程提供了用于描述和表征体液免疫、更好地定义抗体的化学性质和结构以及在随后几十年中将免疫球蛋白产品的临床应用扩展到治疗或预防多种病毒和细菌疾病的资源和试剂。下一个不同的时代随着单克隆抗体（mAb）生产工艺的发现以及更特异性疗法的发展而到来。有趣的是，单克隆抗体技术催生了许多治疗自身免疫性和过敏性疾病的产品，但仅有一种常见传染病——呼吸道合胞病毒，且仅用于高危婴儿这一特定人群。
当前时代始于2003年，一系列出版物展示了快速生产人源单克隆抗体的工艺。
这项技术与新的测序技术、结构生物学的进展、原子水平的分子设计以及合成生物学能力的提升相结合，有望为被动免疫在传染病预防和治疗中的应用带来新机遇。
