Tumor lysis syndrome and primary hepatic malignancy: case presentation and review of the literature.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) represents a constellation of laboratory and clinical derangements that can occur following treatment of malignancies with high cellular turnover. Most commonly noted in hematologic malignancies, TLS has been reported to occur following liver-directed therapy in the form of both ablative therapies and transarterial therapies. Classification schemes exist, as do established diagnostic criteria, to aid in the definitive diagnosis of TLS. In addition, treatment algorithms are reported for patients with the diagnosis of TLS. This manuscript will review the risk factors associated with the development of TLS, the diagnostic criteria used, and treatment and preventative strategies employed. In addition, an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of TLS will be provided.