Farmer Charles M, Klauer Sheila G, McClafferty Julie A, Guo Feng
a Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Research , Arlington , Virginia.
b Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Center for Automotive Safety , Blacksburg , Virginia.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(8):801-8. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1020422. Epub 2015 Mar 20.
The objective of this study was to determine whether cell phone use by drivers leads to changes in the frequency of other types of potentially distracting behavior. There were 2 main questions of interest: (1) As each driver changes cell phone use, does he or she change the amount of driving time spent on other distracting behavior? (2) As each driver changes cell phone use, does he or she change the amount of driving time spent looking away from the driving task?
Day-to-day driving behavior of 105 volunteer subjects was monitored over a period of 1 year. The amount of driving time during each trip spent on tasks secondary to driving (or looking away from the driving task) was correlated to the amount of time on a cell phone, taking into account the relationships among trips taken by the same driver.
Drivers spent 42% of the time engaging in at least one secondary activity. Drivers were talking on a cell phone 7% of the time, interacting in some other way with a cell phone 5% of the time, and engaging in some other secondary activity (sometimes in conjunction with cell phone use) 33% of the time. Other than cell phone use, the most common secondary activities were interacting with a passenger (12% of driving time), holding but not otherwise interacting with an object (6%), and talking/singing/dancing to oneself (5%). Drivers were looking straight forward 81% of the time, forward left or right 5% of time, in a mirror 4% of the time, and elsewhere (eyes off driving task) 10% of time. On average, for each 1 percentage point increase in cell phone talking, the other secondary behavior rate decreased by 0.28 percentage points (P <.0001), and the rate of eyes off driving task decreased by 0.02 percentage points (P =.0067). For each 1 percentage point increase in the amount of other cell phone interaction per trip, the other secondary behavior rate decreased by 0.08 percentage points (P =.0558), but the rate of eyes off driving task increased by 0.06 percentage points (P <.0001).
Although using a cell phone can be distracting from the driving task, other secondary activities can be equally or more distracting, at least as measured by eye glances away from the road ahead and mirrors. In this group of drivers, dialing, reaching for, and answering the cell phone were associated with increased eyes off driving task, as opposed to the decrease in eyes off driving task associated with talking on the phone. Predictions about the effect of cell phone usage on driver distraction need to consider what other behavior is being displaced by the time spent on the phone. A focus by researchers, policy-makers, and the media on the distraction of using cell phones while driving may lead drivers to disregard the risk of other secondary behavior that is even more distracting.
本研究的目的是确定驾驶员使用手机是否会导致其他类型潜在分心行为的频率发生变化。有两个主要感兴趣的问题：（1）随着每位驾驶员手机使用情况的变化，他或她在其他分心行为上花费的驾驶时间是否会改变？（2）随着每位驾驶员手机使用情况的变化，他或她在不看驾驶任务上花费的驾驶时间是否会改变？
在1年的时间里对105名志愿者受试者的日常驾驶行为进行监测。考虑到同一名驾驶员的行程之间的关系，将每次行程中用于驾驶次要任务（或不看驾驶任务）的驾驶时间与使用手机的时间相关联。
驾驶员花费42%的时间从事至少一项次要活动。驾驶员7%的时间在打电话，5%的时间以其他方式与手机互动，33%的时间从事其他次要活动（有时与使用手机同时进行）。除了使用手机外，最常见的次要活动是与乘客互动（占驾驶时间的12%）、拿着但未以其他方式与物体互动（6%）以及自言自语/唱歌/跳舞（5%）。驾驶员81%的时间直视前方，5%的时间向左或向右看，4%的时间看后视镜，10%的时间看向其他地方（眼睛离开驾驶任务）。平均而言，手机通话每增加1个百分点，其他次要行为率下降0.28个百分点（P<.0001），眼睛离开驾驶任务的比率下降0.02个百分点（P=.0067）。每次行程中其他手机互动量每增加1个百分点，其他次要行为率下降0.08个百分点（P=.0558），但眼睛离开驾驶任务的比率增加0.06个百分点（P<.0001）。
尽管使用手机会分散驾驶任务的注意力，但其他次要活动可能同样或更分散注意力，至少从眼睛看向道路前方和后视镜以外的情况来衡量是这样。在这组驾驶员中，拨打、伸手拿和接听手机与眼睛离开驾驶任务的增加有关，而与打电话相关的眼睛离开驾驶任务的减少相反。关于手机使用对驾驶员分心影响的预测需要考虑在手机上花费的时间取代了其他哪些行为。研究人员、政策制定者和媒体对驾驶时使用手机分心的关注可能会导致驾驶员忽视其他更分散注意力的次要行为的风险。
