Ettinger Ulrich, Mohr Christine, Gooding Diane C, Cohen Alex S, Rapp Alexander, Haenschel Corinna, Park Sohee
Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
Schizophr Bull. 2015 Mar;41 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S417-26. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu190.
Schizotypy refers to a set of personality traits thought to reflect the subclinical expression of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review the cognitive and brain functional profile associated with high questionnaire scores in schizotypy. We discuss empirical evidence from the domains of perception, attention, memory, imagery and representation, language, and motor control. Perceptual deficits occur early and across various modalities. While the neural mechanisms underlying visual impairments may be linked to magnocellular dysfunction, further effects may be seen downstream in higher cognitive functions. Cognitive deficits are observed in inhibitory control, selective and sustained attention, incidental learning, and memory. In concordance with the cognitive nature of many of the aberrations of schizotypy, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with enhanced vividness and better performance on tasks of mental rotation. Language deficits seem most pronounced in higher-level processes. Finally, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with reduced performance on oculomotor tasks, resembling the impairments seen in schizophrenia. Some of these deficits are accompanied by reduced brain activation, akin to the pattern of hypoactivations in schizophrenia spectrum individuals. We conclude that schizotypy is a construct with apparent phenomenological overlap with schizophrenia and stable interindividual differences that covary with performance on a wide range of perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks known to be impaired in schizophrenia. The importance of these findings lies not only in providing a fine-grained neurocognitive characterization of a personality constellation known to be associated with real-life impairments, but also in generating hypotheses concerning the aetiology of schizophrenia.
精神分裂症型人格特质指的是一组被认为反映精神分裂症体征和症状亚临床表现的人格特质。在此，我们回顾与精神分裂症型人格特质问卷高分相关的认知和脑功能概况。我们讨论来自感知觉、注意力、记忆、表象与表征、语言以及运动控制等领域的实证证据。感知觉缺陷在早期出现且涉及多种感觉通道。虽然视觉障碍背后的神经机制可能与大细胞功能障碍有关，但在更高层次的认知功能中可能会在下游看到进一步的影响。在抑制控制、选择性和持续性注意力、偶发学习以及记忆方面观察到认知缺陷。与精神分裂症型人格特质许多异常的认知性质一致，较高水平的精神分裂症型人格特质与增强的生动性以及在心理旋转任务上的更好表现相关。语言缺陷在更高层次的过程中似乎最为明显。最后，较高水平的精神分裂症型人格特质与眼动任务表现下降有关，类似于精神分裂症中所见的损伤。其中一些缺陷伴随着脑激活减少，类似于精神分裂症谱系个体的低激活模式。我们得出结论，精神分裂症型人格特质是一种在现象学上与精神分裂症有明显重叠且个体间差异稳定的结构，这些差异与已知在精神分裂症中受损的广泛感知觉、认知和运动任务的表现相关。这些发现的重要性不仅在于为一种已知与现实生活中的损伤相关的人格组合提供了细致的神经认知特征描述，还在于生成了有关精神分裂症病因的假设。
