Larsson C-M, Higley K A, Real A
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, PO Box 655, Miranda, NSW 1490, Australia
Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics, Oregon State University, USA.
Ann ICRP. 2015 Jun;44(1 Suppl):47-57. doi: 10.1177/0146645314560681. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) established Committee 5 in 2005 in response to the need to provide direct demonstration of environmental protection from radiation in accordance with national law and international agreements. The development of the ICRP system for environmental protection was facilitated by research over the previous decades, as well as by ICRP's evaluation of the ethical and philosophical basis for environmental protection as laid out in ICRP Publication 91. The 2007 Recommendations (Publication 103) incorporated environmental protection as one of the integral elements of the radiation protection system. Over a relatively short time, the system has evolved to incorporate a set of 12 Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs), which is a small enough number to develop comprehensive databases for each RAP, but wide ranging enough to provide some insight into radiation impact and protection against such impact, as appropriate, in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. As necessary, the databases can be used to derive supplementary databases for Representative Organisms typical for a particular exposure situation of concern or under study. The system, to date, details biology of the RAPs (Publication 108); outlines transfer factors for estimation of internal concentrations of radionuclides of environmental significance under different situations (Publication 114); provides further information (Publication 108) on dosimetry, biological effects, and derived consideration reference levels (bands of environmental dose rates where potential detrimental effects may deserve attention); and provides information on application of the system in planned, emergency, and existing exposure situations (Publication 124). Currently, a review of experimental determinations of relative biological effectiveness, to guide derivation of specific weighting factors for use in environmental radiation protection if possible and necessary, is being concluded, as is work on improved dosimetry. Further work in this area involves consolidation of databases, recommendations for derivation of specific databases for Representative Organisms on the basis of the RAP data, and recommendations for application of the system to environmental protection in relation to certain human activities of potential environmental concern. Consideration needs to be made for the wider range of ecosystem effects that may be covered in ecological risk assessments, which incorporate the complete suite of stressors that result from human activity, and their effects, to understand the role of radiation effects in this context.
国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）于2005年设立了第5委员会，以响应根据国家法律和国际协定直接展示辐射环境保护的需求。过去几十年的研究以及ICRP对《ICRP第91号出版物》中阐述的环境保护伦理和哲学基础的评估，推动了ICRP环境保护体系的发展。《2007年建议书》（第103号出版物）将环境保护纳入辐射防护体系的核心要素之一。在相对较短的时间内，该体系不断发展，纳入了一组12种参考动植物（RAPs），这个数量既足够少以便为每种RAP建立全面的数据库，又足够广泛以便在陆地、淡水和海洋生态系统中对辐射影响及针对此类影响的防护提供一定的见解。如有必要，这些数据库可用于推导针对特定关注或研究的暴露情况的典型代表性生物的补充数据库。迄今为止，该体系详细介绍了参考动植物的生物学特性（第108号出版物）；概述了在不同情况下估算具有环境意义的放射性核素体内浓度的转移因子（第114号出版物）；提供了关于剂量学、生物效应以及推导的考虑参考水平（可能值得关注潜在有害效应的环境剂量率范围）的进一步信息（第108号出版物）；并提供了该体系在计划、应急和现有暴露情况下的应用信息（第124号出版物）。目前，关于相对生物效能实验测定的审查即将结束，目的是在可能且必要时指导推导用于环境辐射防护的特定权重因子，同时剂量学改进工作也在进行。该领域的进一步工作包括整合数据库、基于参考动植物数据推导代表性生物特定数据库的建议，以及该体系在与某些具有潜在环境影响的人类活动相关的环境保护中的应用建议。需要考虑生态风险评估中可能涵盖的更广泛的生态系统效应，生态风险评估纳入了人类活动产生的全套压力源及其影响，以便了解辐射效应在此背景下的作用。
