Markman Janet L, Shiao Stephen L
1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015 Apr;6(2):208-23. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.077.
The development of cancer is a multi-step process involving the gradual loss of regulation over the growth and functional capabilities of normal cells. Much research has been focused on the numerous cell intrinsic factors that govern this process; however, recent attention has turned to understanding the cell extrinsic factors in the tumor microenvironment that appear equally critical to the progression and treatment of cancer. One critical component of the tumor microenvironment is the immune system and it has become increasingly evident that the immune system plays an integral role in preventing and promoting the development of cancer. Understanding the immune cell types and pathways involved in this process has enabled the development of novel biomarkers for prognosis and accelerated the development of immune-based therapeutics, both of which have the potential to forever change the treatment paradigms for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this review, we discuss the impact of the immune system on the initiation, progression and treatment of cancer, specifically focusing on CRC.
癌症的发展是一个多步骤过程，涉及对正常细胞生长和功能能力的调控逐渐丧失。许多研究聚焦于众多控制这一过程的细胞内在因素；然而，最近的注意力已转向了解肿瘤微环境中的细胞外在因素，这些因素似乎对癌症的进展和治疗同样至关重要。肿瘤微环境的一个关键组成部分是免疫系统，越来越明显的是，免疫系统在预防和促进癌症发展中发挥着不可或缺的作用。了解参与这一过程的免疫细胞类型和途径，已促成了用于预后的新型生物标志物的开发，并加速了基于免疫的治疗方法的发展，这两者都有可能永远改变结直肠癌（CRC）的治疗模式。在本综述中，我们讨论免疫系统对癌症起始、进展和治疗的影响，特别关注结直肠癌。
