Kim Yoona, Keogh Jennifer, Clifton Peter
School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Australia.
School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Australia.
Metabolism. 2015 Jul;64(7):768-79. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.008. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
Epidemiological studies suggest that red and processed meat consumption is related to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it is not clearly understood which components of red and processed meat contribute to this increased risk. This review examines potential mechanisms addressing the role of saturated fatty acid, sodium, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), nitrates/nitrites, heme iron, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), branched amino acids (BCAAs) and endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) in the development of type 2 diabetes based on data from published clinical trials and animal models. TMAO which is derived from dietary carnitine and choline by the action of bacterial enzymes followed by oxidation in the liver may be a strong candidate molecule mediating the risk of type 2 diabetes. BCAAs may induce insulin resistance via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase β 1 (S6k1)-associated pathways. The increased risk associated with processed meat compared with red meat suggests that there are interactions between the saturated fat, salt, and nitrates in processed meat and iron, AGEs and TMAO. Intervention studies are required to clarify potential mechanisms and explore interactions among components, in order to make firm recommendations on red and processed meat consumption.
流行病学研究表明，食用红肉和加工肉类与2型糖尿病风险增加有关。然而，目前尚不清楚红肉和加工肉类的哪些成分会导致这种风险增加。本综述基于已发表的临床试验和动物模型数据，研究了饱和脂肪酸、钠、晚期糖基化终产物（AGEs）、硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐、血红素铁、氧化三甲胺（TMAO）、支链氨基酸（BCAAs）和内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）在2型糖尿病发生发展中的潜在作用机制。TMAO由膳食中的肉碱和胆碱经细菌酶作用后在肝脏中氧化产生，可能是介导2型糖尿病风险的一个重要候选分子。BCAAs可能通过雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1（mTORC1）和核糖体蛋白S6激酶β1（S6k1）相关途径诱导胰岛素抵抗。与红肉相比，加工肉类相关风险增加表明，加工肉类中的饱和脂肪、盐和硝酸盐与铁、AGEs和TMAO之间存在相互作用。需要进行干预研究以阐明潜在机制并探索各成分之间的相互作用，以便就红肉和加工肉类的食用提出明确建议。
