Kong Danyang, Asplund Christopher L, Ling Aiqing, Chee Michael W L
Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Social Sciences, Yale-NUS College, Singapore.
Sleep. 2015 Aug 1;38(8):1219-27. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4896.
Temporal expectation enables us to focus limited processing resources, thereby optimizing perceptual and motor processing for critical upcoming events. We investigated the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on temporal expectation by evaluating the foreperiod and sequential effects during a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). We also examined how these two measures were modulated by vulnerability to TSD.
Three 10-min visual PVT sessions using uniformly distributed foreperiods were conducted in the wake-maintenance zone the evening before sleep deprivation (ESD) and three more in the morning following approximately 22 h of TSD. TSD vulnerable and nonvulnerable groups were determined by a tertile split of participants based on the change in the number of behavioral lapses recorded during ESD and TSD. A subset of participants performed six additional 10-min modified auditory PVTs with exponentially distributed foreperiods during rested wakefulness (RW) and TSD to test the effect of temporal distribution on foreperiod and sequential effects.
Sleep laboratory.
There were 172 young healthy participants (90 males) with regular sleep patterns. Nineteen of these participants performed the modified auditory PVT.
Despite behavioral lapses and slower response times, sleep deprived participants could still perceive the conditional probability of temporal events and modify their level of preparation accordingly. Both foreperiod and sequential effects were magnified following sleep deprivation in vulnerable individuals. Only the foreperiod effect increased in nonvulnerable individuals.
The preservation of foreperiod and sequential effects suggests that implicit time perception and temporal preparedness are intact during total sleep deprivation. Individuals appear to reallocate their depleted preparatory resources to more probable event timings in ongoing trials, whereas vulnerable participants also rely more on automatic processes.
时间预期使我们能够集中有限的加工资源，从而为即将到来的关键事件优化感知和运动加工。我们通过评估心理运动警觉任务（PVT）中的前间期和序列效应，研究了完全睡眠剥夺（TSD）对时间预期的影响。我们还研究了这两种测量方法如何受到TSD易感性的调节。
在睡眠剥夺前一晚的清醒维持期进行了三次10分钟的视觉PVT实验，前间期均匀分布，在大约22小时的TSD后的早晨又进行了三次。根据睡眠剥夺前一晚（ESD）和TSD期间记录的行为失误次数变化，将参与者按三分位数划分，确定TSD易感组和非易感组。一部分参与者在休息清醒（RW）和TSD期间额外进行了六次10分钟的改良听觉PVT实验，前间期呈指数分布，以测试时间分布对前间期和序列效应的影响。
睡眠实验室。
172名睡眠模式规律的年轻健康参与者（男性90名）。其中19名参与者进行了改良听觉PVT实验。
尽管存在行为失误和反应时间变慢的情况，但睡眠剥夺的参与者仍然能够感知时间事件的条件概率，并相应地调整他们的准备水平。易感个体在睡眠剥夺后，前间期和序列效应均被放大。非易感个体只有前间期效应增加。
前间期和序列效应的保留表明，在完全睡眠剥夺期间，内隐时间感知和时间准备是完整的。在正在进行的试验中，个体似乎将其耗尽的准备资源重新分配到更可能的事件时间，而易感参与者也更多地依赖自动过程。
