Yu Gyeong-Jin, Choi Il-Whan, Kim Gi-Young, Kim Byung-Woo, Park Cheol, Hong Su-Hyun, Moon Sung-Kwon, Cha Hee-Jae, Chang Young-Chae, Paek Kee Yoeup, Kim Wun-Jae, Choi Yung Hyun
Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea.
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 608-756, Republic of Korea.
Int J Mol Med. 2015 Jun;35(6):1690-8. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2165. Epub 2015 Apr 2.
Ginseng, namely the root of Panax ginseng Meyer, is a well-known traditional medicine that has been used in Asian countries for thousands of years. Ginseng saponins have been shown to exert a variety of prominent pharmacological effects in a number of diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of total saponins extracted from cultured wild ginseng roots (TSWG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. An elevated production of nitric oxide (NO) was detected in the RAW 264.7 cells in response to stimulation with LPS, as shown by NO detection assay using Griess reagent. However, pre-treatment with TSWG inhibited the production of NO through the suppression of inducible NO synthase gene expression. Furthermore, the LPS-induced gene expression and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly reduced by treatment with TSWG, as shown by ELISA, and western blot analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. In the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, while pre-treatment with TSWG induced the sequestration of NF-κB in the cytosol through the inhibition of the inhibitor of κB degradation, as shown by immunofluorescence staining. TSWG also contributed to the downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, in the TSWG-treated RAW 264.7 cells, we observed the activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and an increase in heme oxygenase-1 expression; these effects were associated with the inhibition of the generation of reactive oxygen species. The results from the present study indicate that TSWG exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, suggesting that TSWG may be an effective therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases and prevent cellular damage induced by oxidative stress.
人参，即人参（Panax ginseng Meyer）的根，是一种著名的传统药物，在亚洲国家已使用了数千年。人参皂苷已被证明在多种疾病中发挥多种显著的药理作用。本研究的目的是确定从栽培的野生人参根中提取的总皂苷（TSWG）对脂多糖（LPS）刺激的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的抗炎作用。如使用格里斯试剂的NO检测试验所示，在RAW 264.7细胞中，响应LPS刺激检测到一氧化氮（NO）产量升高。然而，TSWG预处理通过抑制诱导型NO合酶基因表达来抑制NO的产生。此外，如ELISA、蛋白质免疫印迹分析和逆转录聚合酶链反应分别所示，TSWG处理显著降低了LPS诱导的肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）的基因表达和产生。在LPS刺激的RAW 264.7细胞中，核因子-κB（NF-κB）从细胞质转移到细胞核，而TSWG预处理通过抑制κB抑制剂的降解诱导NF-κB隔离在细胞质中，如免疫荧光染色所示。TSWG还导致LPS刺激的RAW 264.7细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和Akt的下调。此外，在TSWG处理的RAW 264.7细胞中，我们观察到核因子（红系衍生细胞2）样2的激活和血红素加氧酶-1表达的增加；这些作用与活性氧生成的抑制有关。本研究结果表明，TSWG具有抗炎和抗氧化作用，表明TSWG可能是治疗炎症性疾病和预防氧化应激诱导的细胞损伤的有效治疗剂。
