Kato Kentaro, Ishiwa Akiko
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan ; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
Trop Med Health. 2015 Mar;43(1):41-52. doi: 10.2149/tmh.2014-25. Epub 2014 Nov 15.
Enteric pathogens cause considerable public health concerns worldwide including tropical regions. Here, we review the roles of carbohydrates in the infection strategies of various enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria and protozoa, which infect the epithelial lining of the human and animal intestine. At host cell entry, enteric viruses, including norovirus, recognize mainly histo-blood group antigens. At the initial step of bacterial infections, carbohydrates also function as receptors for attachment. Here, we describe the function of carbohydrates in infection by Salmonella enterica and several bacterial species that produce a variety of fimbrial adhesions. During invasion by enteropathogenic protozoa, apicomplexan parasites utilize sialic acids or sulfated glycans. Carbohydrates serve as receptors for infection by these microbes; however, their usage of carbohydrates varies depending on the microbe. On the surface of the mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, various carbohydrate moieties are present and play a crucial role in infection, representing the site of infection or route of access for most microbes. During the infection and/or invasion process of the microbes, carbohydrates function as receptors for various microbes, but they can also function as a barrier to infection. One approach to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial agents is to modify the drug structure. Another approach is to modify the mode of inhibition of infection depending on the individual pathogen by using and mimicking the interactions with carbohydrates. In addition, similarities in mode of infection may also be utilized. Our findings will be useful in the development of new drugs for the treatment of enteric pathogens.
肠道病原体在全球范围内引起了相当大的公共卫生关注，包括热带地区。在这里，我们综述了碳水化合物在各种肠道病原体（包括病毒、细菌和原生动物）感染策略中的作用，这些病原体感染人和动物肠道的上皮内层。在宿主细胞进入阶段，包括诺如病毒在内的肠道病毒主要识别组织血型抗原。在细菌感染的初始步骤中，碳水化合物也作为附着的受体发挥作用。在这里，我们描述了碳水化合物在肠炎沙门氏菌和几种产生多种菌毛粘附素的细菌物种感染中的作用。在肠道致病原生动物入侵期间，顶复门寄生虫利用唾液酸或硫酸化聚糖。碳水化合物作为这些微生物感染的受体；然而，它们对碳水化合物的利用因微生物而异。在胃肠道黏膜组织表面，存在各种碳水化合物部分，它们在感染中起关键作用，代表了大多数微生物的感染部位或进入途径。在微生物的感染和/或入侵过程中，碳水化合物作为各种微生物的受体发挥作用，但它们也可以作为感染的屏障。开发有效的预防性和治疗性抗菌剂的一种方法是修饰药物结构。另一种方法是根据个体病原体，通过利用和模拟与碳水化合物的相互作用来改变感染抑制模式。此外，感染模式的相似性也可以被利用。我们的发现将有助于开发治疗肠道病原体的新药。
