Wong Jordan A, Leventhal Adam M
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Am J Addict. 2015 Mar;24(2):166-172. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12158.
Psychomotor restlessness and agitation (PMA) is a putatively important, yet understudied, psychopathologic correlate of smoking. The scant smoking research on PMA previously conducted has been narrow in scope and conducted among psychiatric patients. To examine the generalizability and relevance of PMA to smoking, this cross-sectional study investigated associations between PMA and a variety of smoking processes in a community sample.
Participants in this study were non-treatment-seeking smokers (N = 254, ≥10 cig/day, M age = 44 years) from the community without an active mood disorder. At baseline, they completed a PMA symptom checklist, a composite depressive symptom index, and a battery of smoking questionnaires.
Linear regression models adjusting for depressive symptoms and demographics indicated that PMA level was positively associated with severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms during prior quit attempts (β = .18, p < .05), anticipated likelihood of withdrawal in a future quit attempt (β = .19, p < .05), motivation to smoke for negative reinforcement (β = .14, p < .05), and smoking expectancies for negative reinforcement (β = .17, p < .05), negative consequences (β = .22, p < .01), and positive reinforcement (β = .14, p < .05). PMA was not significantly associated with smoking chronicity, frequency, or dependence severity.
Smokers with elevated PMA appear to experience greater smoking-induced affect modulation and nicotine withdrawal than the average smoker, regardless of other depressive symptoms. Given that PMA differentiates a qualitatively unique profile of smoking characteristics, PMA warrants consideration in tobacco addiction research and practice.
精神运动性不安与激越（PMA）被认为是吸烟的一种重要但研究不足的心理病理关联因素。先前关于PMA的吸烟研究范围狭窄，且是在精神病患者中进行的。为了检验PMA与吸烟的普遍性和相关性，这项横断面研究调查了社区样本中PMA与各种吸烟过程之间的关联。
本研究的参与者为来自社区的非寻求治疗的吸烟者（N = 254，每天吸烟≥10支，平均年龄 = 44岁），且无活动性情绪障碍。在基线时，他们完成了一份PMA症状清单、一份综合抑郁症状指数以及一系列吸烟问卷。
对抑郁症状和人口统计学因素进行调整的线性回归模型表明，PMA水平与先前戒烟尝试期间尼古丁戒断症状的严重程度呈正相关（β = 0.18，p < 0.05）、未来戒烟尝试中预期的戒断可能性（β = 0.19，p < 0.05）、为负性强化而吸烟的动机（β = 0.14，p < 0.05）以及对负性强化（β = 0.17，p < 0.05）、负面后果（β = 0.22，p < 0.01）和正性强化（β = 0.14，p < 0.05）的吸烟预期。PMA与吸烟慢性、频率或依赖严重程度无显著关联。
PMA水平升高的吸烟者似乎比普通吸烟者经历更大的吸烟诱导的情感调节和尼古丁戒断，无论其他抑郁症状如何。鉴于PMA区分了吸烟特征的一种质的独特概况，PMA在烟草成瘾研究和实践中值得考虑。
