Periodontol 2000. 2015 Jun;68(1):122-34. doi: 10.1111/prd.12082.
Tooth extraction induces a series of complex and integrated local changes within the investing hard and soft tissues. These local alterations arise in order to close the socket wound and to restore tissue homeostasis, and are referred to as '"socket healing". The aims of the present report were twofold: first, to describe the socket-healing process; and, second, to discuss what can be learned from the temporal sequence of healing events, in order to improve treatment outcomes. The socket-healing process may be divided into three sequential, and frequently overlapping, phases: inflammatory; proliferative; and modeling/remodeling. Several clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the socket-healing process promotes up to 50% reduction of the original ridge width, greater bone resorption at the buccal aspect than at the lingual/palatal counterpart and a larger amount of alveolar bone reduction in the molar region. In conclusion, tooth extraction, once a simple and straightforward surgical procedure, should be performed in the knowledge that ridge reduction will follow and that further clinical steps should be considered to compensate for this, when considering future options for tooth replacement.
拔牙会在牙槽骨及其周围软组织中引发一系列复杂而综合的局部变化。这些局部改变的目的是关闭拔牙窝并恢复组织的内稳态，被称为“牙槽窝愈合”。本报告的目的有两个：首先，描述牙槽窝愈合过程；其次，讨论从愈合事件的时间顺序中可以学到什么，以改善治疗效果。牙槽窝愈合过程可分为三个连续的、经常重叠的阶段：炎症期、增殖期和改建/重塑期。多项临床和实验研究表明，牙槽窝愈合过程会导致牙槽嵴宽度减少 50%以上，颊侧骨吸收大于舌腭侧，磨牙区牙槽骨吸收量更大。总之，拔牙曾经是一种简单直接的手术，但在了解到牙槽骨会发生吸收之后，就应该知道还需要进一步的临床措施来进行补偿，以考虑未来的牙齿替代方案。
