ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , Annandale, NJ , USA.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2015 Apr;45(4):273-365. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216.
Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one- and two-ring species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations.
碳氢化合物溶剂是从石油加工流中衍生出来的液态碳氢化合物馏分，仅含有碳原子和氢原子，碳原子数约为 C5-C20，沸点约为 35-370°C。许多碳氢化合物溶剂具有复杂和可变的组成，其成分有 4 种类型，即烷烃（正构烷烃、异构烷烃和环烷烃）和芳烃（主要是烷基单环和双环物种）。由于组成复杂，碳氢化合物溶剂现在采用了一种命名法（“命名惯例”）来识别它们，该命名法根据物理/化学性质和组成元素来描述它们。尽管组成复杂，但大多数碳氢化合物溶剂成分具有相似的毒理学特性，并且可以用一般术语来描述其整体毒理学危害。为了便于危害特征描述，将溶剂分为 9 组（类别）具有相似物理和化学性质的物质。如果碳氢化合物溶剂被吸入肺部，可能会引起化学性肺炎，如果是挥发性溶剂，在超过职业推荐暴露水平时，可能会引起急性中枢神经系统效应和/或眼部和呼吸道刺激。否则，很少有具有重要毒理学意义的影响。例外的是正己烷和萘，它们具有独特的毒理学特性，而那些含有根据全球协调系统（GHS）需要分类的成分的溶剂则通过物质名称来区分。代表性物质研究中的毒理学信息用于满足 REACH 注册要求和满足经合组织高产量（HPV）倡议的需求。如提供的示例所示，危害特征描述数据可用于危害分类和职业暴露限值建议。
