Sasaki Tatsuya, Okada Isamu
Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
Department of Business Administration, Soka University, 192-8577 Tokyo, Japan; Department of Information Systems and Operations, Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1020 Vienna, Austria.
Biosystems. 2015 May;131:51-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.04.002. Epub 2015 Apr 11.
It is well known that in contrast to the Prisoner's Dilemma, the snowdrift game can lead to a stable coexistence of cooperators and cheaters. Recent theoretical evidence on the snowdrift game suggests that gradual evolution for individuals choosing to contribute in continuous degrees can result in the social diversification to a 100% contribution and 0% contribution through so-called evolutionary branching. Until now, however, game-theoretical studies have shed little light on the evolutionary dynamics and consequences of the loss of diversity in strategy. Here, we analyze continuous snowdrift games with quadratic payoff functions in dimorphic populations. Subsequently, conditions are clarified under which gradual evolution can lead a population consisting of those with 100% contribution and those with 0% contribution to merge into one species with an intermediate contribution level. The key finding is that the continuous snowdrift game is more likely to lead to assimilation of different cooperation levels rather than maintenance of diversity. Importantly, this implies that allowing the gradual evolution of cooperative behavior can facilitate social inequity aversion in joint ventures that otherwise could cause conflicts that are based on commonly accepted notions of fairness.
众所周知,与囚徒困境不同,雪堆博弈能够导致合作者与欺骗者的稳定共存。近期关于雪堆博弈的理论证据表明,个体在连续程度上选择贡献的渐进演化,可通过所谓的进化分支导致社会多样化至100%贡献和0%贡献。然而,到目前为止,博弈论研究对策略多样性丧失的进化动态和后果关注甚少。在此,我们分析了双态种群中具有二次收益函数的连续雪堆博弈。随后,阐明了渐进演化能够使由100%贡献者和0%贡献者组成的种群合并为一个具有中间贡献水平物种的条件。关键发现是,连续雪堆博弈更有可能导致不同合作水平的同化,而非多样性的维持。重要的是,这意味着允许合作行为的渐进演化能够促进合资企业中的社会不公平厌恶,否则可能引发基于普遍接受的公平观念的冲突。