Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Nutrients. 2015 Apr 16;7(4):2930-46. doi: 10.3390/nu7042930.
Disruptions in gut microbiota composition and function are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The functional output of the gut microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids and amino acids, are thought to be important modulators underlying the development of these disorders. Gut bacteria can alter the bioavailability of amino acids by utilization of several amino acids originating from both alimentary and endogenous proteins. In turn, gut bacteria also provide amino acids to the host. This could have significant implications in the context of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, conditions associated with elevated systemic concentrations of certain amino acids, in particular the aromatic and branched-chain amino acids. Moreover, several amino acids released by gut bacteria can serve as precursors for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, which also play a role in the development of obesity. In this review, we aim to compile the available evidence on the contribution of microbial amino acids to host amino acid homeostasis, and to assess the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of amino acid and short-chain fatty acid perturbations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
肠道微生物组成和功能的紊乱与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和 2 型糖尿病的发病机制密切相关。肠道微生物的功能输出物，包括短链脂肪酸和氨基酸，被认为是这些疾病发展的重要调节因子。肠道细菌可以通过利用来自饮食和内源性蛋白质的几种氨基酸来改变氨基酸的生物利用度。反过来，肠道细菌也向宿主提供氨基酸。这在胰岛素抵抗和 2 型糖尿病的情况下可能具有重要意义，因为这些情况下与某些氨基酸（特别是芳香族和支链氨基酸）的全身浓度升高有关。此外，肠道细菌释放的几种氨基酸可以作为短链脂肪酸合成的前体，短链脂肪酸也在肥胖的发展中起作用。在这篇综述中，我们旨在汇集关于微生物氨基酸对宿主氨基酸稳态贡献的现有证据，并评估肠道微生物群作为人类肥胖和 2 型糖尿病中氨基酸和短链脂肪酸紊乱决定因素的作用。
