Butterfield Lisa H
Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
BMJ. 2015 Apr 22;350:h988. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h988.
Cancer vaccines are designed to promote tumor specific immune responses, particularly cytotoxic CD8 positive T cells that are specific to tumor antigens. The earliest vaccines, which were developed in 1994-95, tested non-mutated, shared tumor associated antigens that had been shown to be immunogenic and capable of inducing clinical responses in a minority of people with late stage cancer. Technological developments in the past few years have enabled the investigation of vaccines that target mutated antigens that are patient specific. Several platforms for cancer vaccination are being tested, including peptides, proteins, antigen presenting cells, tumor cells, and viral vectors. Standard of care treatments, such as surgery and ablation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can also induce antitumor immunity, thereby having cancer vaccine effects. The monitoring of patients' immune responses at baseline and after standard of care treatment is shedding light on immune biomarkers. Combination therapies are being tested in clinical trials and are likely to be the best approach to improving patient outcomes.
癌症疫苗旨在促进肿瘤特异性免疫反应，特别是针对肿瘤抗原的细胞毒性CD8阳性T细胞。最早的疫苗于1994 - 1995年研发，测试的是未突变的、共享的肿瘤相关抗原，这些抗原已被证明具有免疫原性，并且能够在少数晚期癌症患者中诱导临床反应。过去几年的技术发展使得针对患者特异性突变抗原的疫苗研究成为可能。目前正在测试多种癌症疫苗接种平台，包括肽、蛋白质、抗原呈递细胞、肿瘤细胞和病毒载体。手术和消融、化疗以及放疗等标准治疗方法也可以诱导抗肿瘤免疫，从而产生癌症疫苗的效果。对患者基线和标准治疗后的免疫反应进行监测，有助于揭示免疫生物标志物。联合疗法正在临床试验中进行测试，可能是改善患者治疗效果的最佳方法。
