Advances in cancer nanovaccines: a focus on colorectal cancer.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer treatment by providing innovative solutions through nanocancer therapies, nanovaccines, and nanoparticles. This review focuses on the application of these technologies in colorectal cancer (CRC), highlighting their progression from preclinical studies to clinical trials. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, silica, gold, and lipid nanoparticles, possess unique properties that enhance drug delivery, improve therapeutic efficacy, and minimize systemic toxicity. Additionally, nanovaccines are being developed to elicit robust immune responses against CRC cells. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the current state of nanotechnology-based treatments for CRC, emphasizing key preclinical studies and clinical trials that demonstrate their potential. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges faced in this field. It outlines future directions for research, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts to translate these promising technologies into practical clinical applications.