Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of coronary heart disease.

Emerging data have shown consistent evidence of an association between inflammation and development of atherosclerosis. Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus are now commonly accepted to associate with development of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease. However, the risk of cardiovascular disease in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the gut, is still unclear and the magnitude of a potentially increased risk is continuously debated. The aim of this review is to give an update on the existing literature on the association between inflammatory bowel disease and risk of cardiovascular disease, in particular coronary artery disease, and further to discuss traditional and non-traditional risk factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.