Faissner Andreas, Reinhard Jacqueline
Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
Glia. 2015 Aug;63(8):1330-49. doi: 10.1002/glia.22839. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
Neuroepithelial and radial GLIA stem cells generate the majority of the cellular constituents of the central nervous system. Following precisely timed phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis the stem cells recede, with the exception of adult neural stem cells that persist in two generally accepted canonical neurogenic regions, the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It is believed that adult stem cells reside in privileged stem cell niche environments that provide favorable conditions for self-renewal and maintenance of this cellular compartment. Factors such as morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors influence the developmental pathway of neural stem/progenitor cells. By comparison, less is known about the regulatory roles of glycoproteins and proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and their receptors, although they represent important constituents of the micromolecular environment of the niche. Here, we summarize studies that indicate pivotal roles of the ECM micromilieu for the biology and instrumental use of glial stem and progenitor cells of the CNS. Advancing our understanding of structure-function relationships, signaling motifs and complementary receptors and their signal transduction pathways will be of central importance for the application of these cell types in regenerative medicine.
神经上皮干细胞和放射状胶质干细胞产生了中枢神经系统的大部分细胞成分。在经历了精确计时的神经发生和胶质发生阶段后，干细胞数量减少，但成年神经干细胞除外，它们存在于两个普遍认可的典型神经发生区域，即侧脑室的室下区和海马齿状回的颗粒下区。人们认为成年干细胞存在于特殊的干细胞生态位环境中，这种环境为该细胞区室的自我更新和维持提供了有利条件。形态发生素、细胞因子和生长因子等因素会影响神经干细胞/祖细胞的发育途径。相比之下，关于细胞外基质（ECM）的糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖及其受体的调节作用知之甚少，尽管它们是生态位微分子环境的重要组成部分。在这里，我们总结了一些研究，这些研究表明ECM微环境对中枢神经系统胶质干细胞和祖细胞的生物学特性及实际应用具有关键作用。深入了解结构 - 功能关系、信号基序、互补受体及其信号转导途径对于这些细胞类型在再生医学中的应用至关重要。
