Hume Patria A, Lorimer Anna V, Griffiths Peter C, Carlson Isaac, Lamont Mike
Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1020, New Zealand,
Sports Med. 2015 Aug;45(8):1175-90. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0334-7.
Snow sports (alpine skiing/snowboarding) would benefit from easily implemented and cost-effective injury prevention countermeasures that are effective in reducing injury rate and severity.
For snow sports, to identify risk factors and to quantify evidence for effectiveness of injury prevention countermeasures.
Searches of electronic literature databases to February 2014 identified 98 articles focused on snow sports that met the inclusion criteria and were subsequently reviewed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 90% confidence intervals (CIs) and inferences (percentage likelihood of benefit/harm) were calculated using data from 55 studies using a spreadsheet for combining independent groups with a weighting factor based on quality rating scores for effects.
More experienced skiers and snowboarders are more likely to sustain an injury as a result of jumps, while beginners sustain injuries primarily as a result of falls. Key risk factors that countermeasure interventions should focus on include, beginner skiers (OR 2.72; 90% CI 2.15-3.44, 99% most likely harmful), beginner snowboarders (OR 2.66; 90% CI 2.08-3.40, 99% harmful), skiers/snowboarders who rent snow equipment (OR 2.58; 90% CI 1.98-3.37, 99% harmful) and poor visibility due to inclement weather (OR 2.69; 90% CI 1.43-5.07, 97% harmful). Effective countermeasures include helmets for skiers/snowboarders to prevent head injuries (OR 0.58; 90% CI 0.51-0.66, 99% most likely beneficial), and wrist guards for snowboarders to prevent wrist injuries (OR 0.33; 90% CI 0.23-0.47, 99% beneficial).
The review identified key risk factors for snow-sport injuries and evaluated the evidence for the effectiveness of existing injury prevention countermeasures in recreational (general public use of slopes, not racing) snow sports using a Haddon's matrix conceptual framework for injury causation (host/snow-sport participant, agent/mechanism and environment/community).
Best evidence for the effectiveness of injury prevention countermeasures in recreational snow sports was for the use of helmets and wrist guards and to address low visibility issues via weather reports and signage.
雪上运动（高山滑雪/单板滑雪）将受益于易于实施且具成本效益的预防损伤对策，这些对策能有效降低损伤率和严重程度。
针对雪上运动，识别风险因素并量化预防损伤对策有效性的证据。
检索截至2014年2月的电子文献数据库，确定了98篇聚焦雪上运动且符合纳入标准的文章，随后进行了综述。使用电子表格，基于效应质量评分的权重因子，对55项研究的数据计算合并比值比（OR）及90%置信区间（CI）和推断（受益/伤害的百分比可能性），以合并独立组。
经验更丰富的滑雪者和单板滑雪者因跳跃更易受伤，而初学者主要因摔倒受伤。对策干预应关注的关键风险因素包括：初学者滑雪者（OR 2.72；90% CI 2.15 - 3.44，99%极可能有害）、初学者单板滑雪者（OR 2.66；90% CI 2.08 - 3.40，99%有害）、租用雪具的滑雪者/单板滑雪者（OR 2.58；90% CI 1.98 - 3.37，99%有害）以及恶劣天气导致的能见度低（OR 2.69；90% CI 1.43 - 5.07，97%有害）。有效的对策包括：滑雪者/单板滑雪者佩戴头盔以预防头部受伤（OR 0.58；90% CI 0.51 - 0.66，99%极可能有益），单板滑雪者佩戴护腕以预防手腕受伤（OR 0.33；90% CI 0.23 - 0.47，99%有益）。
该综述确定了雪上运动损伤的关键风险因素，并使用哈顿损伤因果关系矩阵概念框架（宿主/雪上运动参与者、动因/机制和环境/社区）评估了现有预防损伤对策在休闲（公众使用雪道，而非比赛）雪上运动中有效性的证据。
预防损伤对策在休闲雪上运动中有效性的最佳证据是使用头盔和护腕，以及通过天气报告和标识解决低能见度问题。
