Li Ren-Hau, Kao Chih-Mei, Wu Yi-Ying
Department of Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Clinical Psychological Room, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Qual Life Res. 2015 Nov;24(11):2577-81. doi: 10.1007/s11136-015-0999-2. Epub 2015 May 12.
This research investigated gender differences in the six factors of Li's 18-item version of Ryff's psychological well-being (PWB) scale by using factorial invariance procedures. This version improved on Ryff's shorter PWB scale in regard to the reliability of each subscale.
The sample comprised 653 adult participants, specifically, 271 men and 382 women. Factorial invariance tests were conducted using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis.
The results showed that the Li's version of Ryff's PWB scale has configural invariance, factor loading invariance, intercept invariance, partial invariance of factor variances and covariances, partial invariance of latent means, and partial invariance of error variances. According to latent means, women had significantly less autonomy (AU) and more environmental mastery (EM) than men did. Moreover, based on interfactor correlations, the correlation of EM and self-acceptance was higher for men than for women, and the correlation of positive relations with others and AU was lower for men than for women.
Gender differences in PWB can be found at the subscale levels of Li's version, which exhibits metric and scalar invariance.
本研究采用因子不变性程序，调查了李（Li）氏18项版Ryff心理幸福感（PWB）量表六个因子中的性别差异。该版本在每个子量表的信度方面对Ryff较短的PWB量表进行了改进。
样本包括653名成年参与者，具体为271名男性和382名女性。使用多组验证性因子分析进行因子不变性检验。
结果表明，李氏版Ryff的PWB量表具有构型不变性、因子载荷不变性、截距不变性、因子方差和协方差的部分不变性、潜在均值的部分不变性以及误差方差的部分不变性。根据潜在均值，女性的自主性（AU）显著低于男性，而环境掌控（EM）则显著高于男性。此外，基于因子间相关性，男性中EM与自我接受的相关性高于女性，而男性中与他人的积极关系与AU的相关性低于女性。
在李氏版本的子量表水平上可以发现PWB的性别差异，该版本表现出度量和标量不变性。
