Ruini Chiara, Ottolini Fedra, Rafanelli Chiara, Tossani Eliana, Ryff Carol D, Fava Giovanni A
Affective Disorders Program, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Psychother Psychosom. 2003 Sep-Oct;72(5):268-75. doi: 10.1159/000071898.
The concept of psychological well-being has been neglected for a long time in scientific literature. Over the last decades, however, many psychometric instruments have been developed to measure it. The aim of the present study was to analyze the concept of psychological well-being and its relationship to distress and personality traits. It is clinically and empirically important to establish where the measures of well-being are located in relation to symptomatology indices and personality traits.
A sample of 450 subjects in the general population completed three self-rating scales for the assessment of symptomatology (Kellner's Symptom Questionnaire), psychological well-being (Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales, PWB), and personality traits (Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire). The assessment was repeated after 1 month. Pearson's coefficient was used to analyze PWB test-retest reliability and correlations between well-being, distress and personality indicators. Exploratory factor analysis was performed for both assessments.
Test-retest Pearson's coefficients were satisfactory for all six PWB scales. Exploratory factor analyses showed a 4- or 5-factor structure, where well-being, distress and personality remained separated. PWB scales were negatively and significantly correlated with all symptom scales, but only with one personality dimension, TPQ Harm Avoidance. Mean-level differences by gender showed that in general women significantly presented with lower levels of well-being (except in Positive Relations) and higher levels of distress and personality disturbances.
The results suggest that the relationship of well-being to distress and personality is complex. Psychological well-being could not be equated with the absence of symptomatology or with personality traits. PWB scales measure an attitude toward optimal functioning that is crucial for a comprehensive consideration of individuals in clinical settings.
心理幸福感的概念在科学文献中长期被忽视。然而，在过去几十年里，已经开发出许多心理测量工具来对其进行测量。本研究的目的是分析心理幸福感的概念及其与痛苦和人格特质的关系。确定幸福感测量指标相对于症状指数和人格特质的位置在临床和实证方面都具有重要意义。
从普通人群中抽取450名受试者作为样本，他们完成了三份自评量表，分别用于评估症状（凯尔纳症状问卷）、心理幸福感（赖夫心理幸福感量表，PWB）和人格特质（克隆宁格三维人格问卷）。1个月后重复进行评估。使用皮尔逊系数分析PWB的重测信度以及幸福感、痛苦和人格指标之间的相关性。对两次评估都进行了探索性因素分析。
所有六个PWB量表的重测皮尔逊系数都令人满意。探索性因素分析显示出四因素或五因素结构，其中幸福感、痛苦和人格保持分离。PWB量表与所有症状量表呈显著负相关，但仅与一个人格维度，即TPQ回避伤害呈负相关。按性别划分的平均水平差异表明，总体而言，女性的幸福感水平显著较低（积极关系维度除外），痛苦和人格障碍水平较高。
结果表明，幸福感与痛苦和人格的关系是复杂的。心理幸福感不能等同于没有症状或人格特质。PWB量表测量的是一种对最佳功能的态度，这对于在临床环境中全面考量个体至关重要。
