Debove Stéphane, André Jean-Baptiste, Baumard Nicolas
Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), INSERM 1024, CNRS 8197, Ecole normale supérieure-PSL Research University, Paris, France Institut Jean-Nicod (CNRS-EHESS-ENS), Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure-PSL Research University, Paris, France
Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, UMR 5554-CNRS-Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France.
Proc Biol Sci. 2015 Jun 7;282(1808):20150392. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0392.
Many studies demonstrate that partner choice has played an important role in the evolution of human cooperation, but little work has tested its impact on the evolution of human fairness. In experiments involving divisions of money, people become either over-generous or over-selfish when they are in competition to be chosen as cooperative partners. Hence, it is difficult to see how partner choice could result in the evolution of fair, equal divisions. Here, we show that this puzzle can be solved if we consider the outside options on which partner choice operates. We conduct a behavioural experiment, run agent-based simulations and analyse a game-theoretic model to understand how outside options affect partner choice and fairness. All support the conclusion that partner choice leads to fairness only when individuals have equal outside options. We discuss how this condition has been met in our evolutionary history, and the implications of these findings for our understanding of other aspects of fairness less specific than preferences for equal divisions of resources.
许多研究表明，伴侣选择在人类合作的进化过程中发挥了重要作用，但很少有研究检验其对人类公平性进化的影响。在涉及金钱分配的实验中，当人们竞争成为合作伙伴时，会变得过度慷慨或过度自私。因此，很难理解伴侣选择如何能导致公平、平等的分配方式的进化。在此，我们表明，如果考虑伴侣选择所基于的外部选择，这个谜题就能得到解决。我们进行了一项行为实验，运行基于主体的模拟，并分析了一个博弈论模型，以了解外部选择如何影响伴侣选择和公平性。所有结果都支持这样一个结论，即只有当个体拥有平等的外部选择时，伴侣选择才会导致公平。我们讨论了在我们的进化历史中这个条件是如何得到满足的，以及这些发现对于我们理解公平性的其他方面（比资源平等分配的偏好更不具体）的意义。
