Badham Stephen P, Maylor Elizabeth A
a Department of Psychology , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK.
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2016;23(1):78-102. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1048774. Epub 2015 May 18.
Schema-consistent material that is aligned with an individual's knowledge and experience is typically more memorable than abstract material. This effect is often more extreme in older adults and schema use can alleviate age deficits in memory. In three experiments, young and older adults completed memory tasks where the availability of schematic information was manipulated. Specifying nonobvious relations between to-be-remembered word pairs paradoxically hindered memory (Experiment 1). Highlighting relations within mixed lists of related and unrelated word pairs had no effect on memory for those pairs (Experiment 2). This occurred even though related word pairs were recalled better than unrelated word pairs, particularly for older adults. Revealing a schematic context in a memory task with abstract image segments also hindered memory performance, particularly for older adults (Experiment 3). The data show that processing schematic information can come with costs that offset mnemonic benefits associated with schema-consistent stimuli.
与个人知识和经验相符的图式一致材料通常比抽象材料更易记忆。这种效应在老年人中往往更为明显，并且图式的运用可以缓解记忆方面的年龄缺陷。在三项实验中，年轻人和老年人完成了记忆任务，其中图式信息的可用性受到了操控。指明待记忆单词对之间不明显的关系反而会妨碍记忆（实验1）。突出相关和不相关单词对混合列表中的关系，对这些单词对的记忆没有影响（实验2）。即便相关单词对比不相关单词对被回忆得更好，尤其是在老年人中，情况依然如此。在包含抽象图像片段的记忆任务中揭示图式背景也会妨碍记忆表现，尤其是对老年人而言（实验3）。数据表明，处理图式信息可能会带来成本，抵消与图式一致刺激相关的记忆益处。
