是什么因素预测超长铁人三项赛的成绩？——铁人三项赛距离与超长铁人三项赛的比较。
What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? - a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon.
作者信息
Knechtle Beat, Zingg Matthias Alexander, Rosemann Thomas, Stiefel Michael, Rüst Christoph Alexander
机构信息
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
出版信息
Open Access J Sports Med. 2015 May 18;6:149-59. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S79273. eCollection 2015.
OBJECTIVE
This narrative review summarizes recent intentions to find potential predictor variables for ultra-triathlon race performance (ie, triathlon races longer than the Ironman distance covering 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Results from studies on ultra-triathletes were compared to results on studies on Ironman triathletes.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms "ultra", "triathlon", and "performance" for the aspects of "ultra-triathlon", and "Ironman", "triathlon", and "performance" for the aspects of "Ironman triathlon". All resulting papers were searched for related citations. Results for ultra-triathlons were compared to results for Ironman-distance triathlons to find potential differences.
RESULTS
Athletes competing in Ironman and ultra-triathlon differed in anthropometric and training characteristics, where both Ironmen and ultra-triathletes profited from low body fat, but ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume, whereas speed during training was related to Ironman race time. The most important predictive variables for a fast race time in an ultra-triathlon from Double Iron (ie, 7.6 km swimming, 360 km cycling, and 84.4 km running) and longer were male sex, low body fat, age of 35-40 years, extensive previous experience, a fast time in cycling and running but not in swimming, and origins in Central Europe.
CONCLUSION
Any athlete intending to compete in an ultra-triathlon should be aware that low body fat and high training volumes are highly predictive for overall race time. Little is known about the physiological characteristics of these athletes and about female ultra-triathletes. Future studies need to investigate anthropometric and training characteristics of female ultra-triathletes and what motivates women to compete in these races. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) with ultra-triathlon race performance in order to investigate whether these characteristics are also predictive for ultra-triathlon race performance.
目的
本叙述性综述总结了近期为找出超长距离铁人三项赛成绩（即距离超过铁人三项赛标准距离的比赛，标准距离为3.8公里游泳、180公里自行车骑行和42.195公里跑步）的潜在预测变量所做的研究。将超长距离铁人三项运动员的研究结果与铁人三项运动员的研究结果进行了比较。
方法
在PubMed中进行文献检索，使用“超长距离”“铁人三项”和“成绩”来检索“超长距离铁人三项”相关内容，使用“铁人三项赛”“铁人三项”和“成绩”来检索“铁人三项赛”相关内容。对所有检索到的论文查找相关参考文献。将超长距离铁人三项赛的结果与铁人三项赛标准距离比赛的结果进行比较，以找出潜在差异。
结果
参加铁人三项赛和超长距离铁人三项赛的运动员在人体测量学和训练特征方面存在差异，铁人三项运动员和超长距离铁人三项运动员都受益于低体脂，但超长距离铁人三项运动员更依赖训练量，而训练速度与铁人三项赛比赛时间相关。在双倍铁人三项赛（即7.6公里游泳、360公里自行车骑行和84.4公里跑步）及更长距离的超长距离铁人三项赛中，比赛成绩快的最重要预测变量为男性、低体脂、35 - 40岁、丰富的以往经验、自行车骑行和跑步速度快但游泳速度不快，以及来自中欧。
结论
任何打算参加超长距离铁人三项赛的运动员都应意识到，低体脂和高训练量对总比赛时间具有高度预测性。对于这些运动员的生理特征以及女性超长距离铁人三项运动员，我们了解甚少。未来的研究需要调查女性超长距离铁人三项运动员的人体测量学和训练特征，以及促使女性参加这些比赛的动机。未来的研究需要将最大摄氧量（VO2max）等生理特征与超长距离铁人三项赛成绩相关联，以研究这些特征是否也能预测超长距离铁人三项赛成绩。
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