De Gracia Marie, Cascales Mathilde, Expert Pascale, Bellanger Marie-Noelle, Le Cam Bruno, Lemaire Christophe
INRA, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, 49071, France; Université d'Angers, IRHS, PRES UNAM, SFR QUASAV, Angers, 49045, France; Agrocampus Ouest, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, 49045, France.
PLoS One. 2015 Jun 19;10(6):e0122909. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122909. eCollection 2015.
Understanding evolutionary dynamics of pathogens during domestication of their hosts and rise of agro-ecosystems is essential for durable disease management. Here, we investigated changes in life-history traits of the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis during domestication of the apple. Life traits linked to fungal dispersal were compared between 60 strains that were sampled in domestic and wild habitats in Kazakhstan, the center of origin of both host and pathogen. Our two main findings are that transition from wild to agro-ecosystems was associated with an increase of both spore size and sporulation capacity; and that distribution of quantitative traits of the domestic population mostly overlapped with those of the wild population. Our results suggest that apple domestication had a considerable impact on fungal characters linked to its dispersal through selection from standing phenotypic diversity. We showed that pestification of V. inaequalis in orchards led to an enhanced allocation in colonization ability from standing variation in the wild area. This study emphasizes the potential threat that pathogenic fungal populations living in wild environments represent for durability of resistance in agro-ecosystems.
了解病原体在其宿主驯化和农业生态系统兴起过程中的进化动态对于持久的病害管理至关重要。在此，我们研究了苹果驯化过程中真菌病原体苹果黑星病菌（Venturia inaequalis）生活史特征的变化。在哈萨克斯坦（宿主和病原体的起源中心）的野生和农业栖息地采集的60个菌株之间，比较了与真菌传播相关的生活特征。我们的两个主要发现是：从野生生态系统向农业生态系统的转变与孢子大小和产孢能力的增加有关；并且驯化种群的数量性状分布大多与野生种群重叠。我们的结果表明，苹果驯化通过从现存表型多样性中进行选择，对与其传播相关的真菌特征产生了相当大的影响。我们表明，果园中苹果黑星病菌的害虫化导致了从野生区域现存变异中增强了定殖能力的分配。这项研究强调了生活在野生环境中的致病真菌种群对农业生态系统中抗性持久性所构成的潜在威胁。
