Padró-Martínez Luz T, Owusu Emmanuel, Reisner Ellen, Zamore Wig, Simon Matthew C, Mwamburi Mkaya, Brown Carrie A, Chung Mei, Brugge Doug, Durant John L
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
City of Somerville, Housing Division, Somerville, MA 02145, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jul 10;12(7):7814-38. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120707814.
Exposure to traffic-generated ultrafine particles (UFP; particles <100 nm) is likely a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We conducted a trial of high-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filtration in public housing near a highway. Twenty residents in 19 apartments living <200 m from the highway participated in a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. A HEPA filter unit and a particle counter (measuring particle number concentration (PNC), a proxy for UFP) were installed in living rooms. Participants were exposed to filtered air for 21 days and unfiltered air for 21 days. Blood samples were collected and blood pressure measured at days 0, 21 and 42 after a 12-hour fasting period. Plasma was analyzed for high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha-receptor II (TNF-RII) and fibrinogen. PNC reductions ranging from 21% to 68% were recorded in 15 of the apartments. We observed no significant differences in blood pressure or three of the four biomarkers (hsCRP, fibrinogen, and TNF-RII) measured in participants after 21-day exposure to HEPA-filtered air compared to measurements after 21-day exposure to sham-filtered air. In contrast, IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher following HEPA filtration (0.668 pg/mL; CI = 0.465-0.959) compared to sham filtration. Likewise, PNC adjusted for time activity were associated with increasing IL-6 in 14- and 21-day moving averages, and PNC was associated with decreasing blood pressure in Lags 0, 1 and 2, and in a 3-day moving average. These negative associations were unexpected and could be due to a combination of factors including exposure misclassification, unsuccessful randomization (i.e., IL-6 and use of anti-inflammatory medicines), or uncontrolled confounding. Studies with greater reduction in UFP levels and larger sample sizes are needed. There also needs to be more complete assessment of resident time activity and of outdoor vs. indoor source contributions to UFP exposure. HEPA filtration remains a promising, but not fully realized intervention.
暴露于交通产生的超细颗粒物（UFP；直径小于100纳米的颗粒物）可能是心血管疾病的一个风险因素。我们在一条高速公路附近的公共住房中进行了高效空气过滤器（HEPA）过滤试验。19套距离高速公路不到200米的公寓中的20名居民参与了一项随机、双盲交叉试验。在客厅安装了一个HEPA过滤装置和一个颗粒物计数器（测量颗粒物数量浓度（PNC），作为UFP的替代指标）。参与者分别暴露于过滤空气21天和未过滤空气21天。在禁食12小时后的第0天、第21天和第42天采集血样并测量血压。分析血浆中的高敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α受体II（TNF-RII）和纤维蛋白原。15套公寓的PNC降低幅度在21%至68%之间。与暴露于假过滤空气21天后的测量结果相比，我们观察到参与者在暴露于HEPA过滤空气后的21天，血压以及四种生物标志物中的三种（hsCRP、纤维蛋白原和TNF-RII）没有显著差异。相比之下，与假过滤相比，HEPA过滤后IL-6浓度显著更高（0.668皮克/毫升；CI = 0.465 - 0.959）。同样，经时间活动调整后的PNC在14天和21天移动平均值中与IL-6升高相关，并且PNC在滞后0、1和2天以及3天移动平均值中与血压降低相关。这些负相关关系出乎意料，可能是由于多种因素共同作用，包括暴露错误分类、随机化不成功（即IL-6和使用抗炎药物）或未控制的混杂因素。需要进行UFP水平降低幅度更大且样本量更大的研究。还需要更全面地评估居民的时间活动以及室外与室内来源对UFP暴露的贡献。HEPA过滤仍然是一种有前景但尚未完全实现的干预措施。
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