Klinger Dane H, Dale Jonathan J, Machado Benjamin E, Incardona John P, Farwell Charles J, Block Barbara A
Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2015 Sep 15;98(1-2):259-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.039. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident, the continuous release of crude oil from the damaged Macondo 252 wellhead on the ocean floor contaminated surface water habitats for pelagic fish for more than 12weeks. The spill occurred across pelagic, neritic and benthic waters, impacting a variety of ecosystems. Chemical components of crude oil are known to disrupt cardiac function in juvenile fish, and here we investigate the effects of oil on the routine metabolic rate of chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus. Mackerel were exposed to artificially weathered Macondo 252 crude oil, prepared as a Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF), for 72 or 96h. Routine metabolic rates were determined pre- and post-exposure using an intermittent-flow, swim tunnel respirometer. Routine energetic demand increased in all mackerels in response to crude oil and reached statistical significance relative to unexposed controls at 96h. Chemical analyses of bile from exposed fish revealed elevated levels of fluorescent metabolites, confirming the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exposure WAF. The observed increase in metabolic demand is likely attributable to the bioenergetic costs of contaminant detoxification. These results indicate that short-term exposure (i.e. days) to oil has sub-lethal toxicity to mackerel and results in physiological stress during the active spill phase of the incident.
在2010年“深水地平线”事件期间，来自受损的位于海底的马孔多252井口的原油持续泄漏，污染了远洋鱼类的地表水栖息地长达12周以上。原油泄漏发生在远洋、浅海和底栖水域，影响了多种生态系统。已知原油的化学成分会扰乱幼鱼的心脏功能，在此我们研究原油对鲐鱼（Scomber japonicus）常规代谢率的影响。将鲐鱼暴露于人工风化的马孔多252原油（制备成水相组分（WAF））中72或96小时。在暴露前后，使用间歇流游泳隧道呼吸仪测定常规代谢率。所有鲐鱼的常规能量需求因原油而增加，在96小时时相对于未暴露的对照组达到统计学显著水平。对暴露鱼类胆汁的化学分析显示荧光代谢物水平升高，证实了暴露水相组分中多环芳烃（PAHs）的生物可利用性。观察到的代谢需求增加可能归因于污染物解毒的生物能量成本。这些结果表明，短期（即数天）接触原油对鲐鱼具有亚致死毒性，并在事件的活跃泄漏阶段导致生理应激。
