Grasman Jonathan M, Zayas Michelle J, Page Raymond L, Pins George D
Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States; Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States.
Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States.
Acta Biomater. 2015 Oct;25:2-15. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.038. Epub 2015 Jul 26.
Skeletal muscle injuries typically result from traumatic incidents such as combat injuries where soft-tissue extremity injuries are present in one of four cases. Further, about 4.5 million reconstructive surgical procedures are performed annually as a result of car accidents, cancer ablation, or cosmetic procedures. These combat- and trauma-induced skeletal muscle injuries are characterized by volumetric muscle loss (VML), which significantly reduces the functionality of the injured muscle. While skeletal muscle has an innate repair mechanism, it is unable to compensate for VML injuries because large amounts of tissue including connective tissue and basement membrane are removed or destroyed. This results in a significant need to develop off-the-shelf biomimetic scaffolds to direct skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, the structure and organization of native skeletal muscle tissue is described in order to reveal clear design parameters that are necessary for scaffolds to mimic in order to successfully regenerate muscular tissue. We review the literature with respect to the materials and methodologies used to develop scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration as well as the limitations of these materials. We further discuss the variety of cell sources and different injury models to provide some context for the multiple approaches used to evaluate these scaffold materials. Recent findings are highlighted to address the state of the field and directions are outlined for future strategies, both in scaffold design and in the use of different injury models to evaluate these materials, for regenerating functional skeletal muscle.
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result from traumatic incidents such as those presented from combat missions, where soft-tissue extremity injuries are represented in one of four cases. These injuries remove or destroy large amounts of skeletal muscle including the basement membrane and connective tissue, removing the structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues that usually direct its repair. This results in a significant need to develop off-the-shelf biomimetic scaffolds to direct skeletal muscle regeneration. In this review, we examine current strategies for the development of scaffold materials designed for skeletal muscle regeneration, highlighting advances and limitations associated with these methodologies. Finally, we identify future approaches to enhance skeletal muscle regeneration.
骨骼肌损伤通常由创伤性事件引起，如战斗损伤，在四肢软组织损伤中，每四例就有一例是这种情况。此外，每年因车祸、癌症切除或美容手术而进行约450万例重建手术。这些由战斗和创伤引起的骨骼肌损伤的特征是肌肉体积损失（VML），这显著降低了受伤肌肉的功能。虽然骨骼肌有内在的修复机制，但它无法补偿VML损伤，因为包括结缔组织和基底膜在内的大量组织被移除或破坏。这就迫切需要开发现成的仿生支架来引导骨骼肌再生。在这里，描述了天然骨骼肌组织的结构和组织，以揭示支架为成功再生肌肉组织而需模仿的明确设计参数。我们回顾了用于开发骨骼肌组织再生支架的材料和方法的相关文献以及这些材料的局限性。我们进一步讨论了多种细胞来源和不同的损伤模型，以便为评估这些支架材料所采用的多种方法提供一些背景信息。突出了近期的研究成果以阐述该领域的现状，并概述了未来的策略方向，包括支架设计以及使用不同损伤模型评估这些材料以再生功能性骨骼肌的策略。
肌肉体积损失（VML）损伤由创伤性事件引起，如战斗任务中的损伤，在四肢软组织损伤中，每四例就有一例是这种情况。这些损伤会移除或破坏大量骨骼肌，包括基底膜和结缔组织，消除了通常指导其修复的结构、机械和生化信号。这就迫切需要开发现成的仿生支架来引导骨骼肌再生。在本综述中，我们研究了用于骨骼肌再生的支架材料开发的当前策略，并突出了与这些方法相关的进展和局限性。最后，我们确定了增强骨骼肌再生的未来方法。
