Jain Amit K, Mehra Neelesh K, Swarnakar Nitin K
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(30):4441-55. doi: 10.2174/1381612821666150803151758.
Cardiovascular disorders or cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major illness associated with heart and blood vessels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during excessive oxidative stress, are responsible for the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, ventricular remodeling, ischemia/reperfusion injury and myocardial infarction. Cellular "redox homeostasis" generally maintains the healthy physiology in cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells. However, during excessive oxidative stress body's endogenous system fails to maintain normal physiology hence antioxidant supplementation is necessary, which could scavenge the free radicals and other toxic radicals. Several antioxidants such as CoQ10, beta carotene, lycopene, quercetin, reserveterol, vitamin C and vitamin E have shown preventive and therapeutic benefits in different forms of CVD. However, poor biopharmaceutical properties and variable pharmacokinetics of several antioxidants limits their use as therapeutic agents. Hence delivery of stable antioxidants at their site of action is a need of current scenario. Several novel carriers based approaches have shown considerable benefits for the systemic and site specific delivery of antioxidants for the preventive and therapeutic treatment of several cardiovascular diseases. In the present review, conventional as well as novel antioxidants have been discussed with special emphasis for the treatment of CVD. Further, the current review also highlights the critical challenges for antioxidant delivery and various novel carriers (nanoformulations) including, liposomes and nanoparticles explored for their efficient delivery in the therapeutic management of CVD.
心血管疾病（CVD）是与心脏和血管相关的主要疾病。在过度氧化应激过程中产生的活性氧（ROS），是包括动脉粥样硬化、心脏肥大、心肌病、心力衰竭、心室重塑、缺血/再灌注损伤和心肌梗死在内的各种心血管疾病病理生理学的原因。细胞的“氧化还原稳态”通常维持心肌细胞和内皮细胞的健康生理状态。然而，在过度氧化应激期间，身体的内源性系统无法维持正常生理状态，因此需要补充抗氧化剂，其可以清除自由基和其他有毒自由基。几种抗氧化剂，如辅酶Q10、β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素、槲皮素、白藜芦醇、维生素C和维生素E，已在不同形式的心血管疾病中显示出预防和治疗益处。然而，几种抗氧化剂较差的生物药剂学性质和可变的药代动力学限制了它们作为治疗剂的使用。因此，在其作用部位递送稳定的抗氧化剂是当前的需求。几种基于新型载体的方法已显示出在预防和治疗几种心血管疾病方面，为抗氧化剂的全身和位点特异性递送带来了相当大的益处。在本综述中，讨论了传统抗氧化剂和新型抗氧化剂，并特别强调了它们在治疗心血管疾病方面的应用。此外，本综述还强调了抗氧化剂递送面临的关键挑战以及各种新型载体（纳米制剂），包括脂质体和纳米颗粒，它们被探索用于在心血管疾病的治疗管理中实现高效递送。
