Hurley James H
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
EMBO J. 2015 Oct 1;34(19):2398-407. doi: 10.15252/embj.201592484. Epub 2015 Aug 25.
The ESCRT proteins are an ancient system that buds membranes and severs membrane necks from their inner face. Three "classical" functions of the ESCRTs have dominated research into these proteins since their discovery in 2001: the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies in endolysosomal sorting; the budding of HIV-1 and other viruses from the plasma membrane of infected cells; and the membrane abscission step in cytokinesis. The past few years have seen an explosion of novel functions: the biogenesis of microvesicles and exosomes; plasma membrane wound repair; neuron pruning; extraction of defective nuclear pore complexes; nuclear envelope reformation; plus-stranded RNA virus replication compartment formation; and micro- and macroautophagy. Most, and perhaps all, of the functions involve the conserved membrane-neck-directed activities of the ESCRTs, revealing a remarkably widespread role for this machinery through a broad swath of cell biology.
内体分选转运复合体（ESCRT）蛋白是一个古老的系统，它能使膜出芽，并从膜内侧切断膜颈。自2001年发现以来，ESCRT的三种“经典”功能主导了对这些蛋白的研究：在内溶酶体分选过程中多泡体的生物发生；HIV-1和其他病毒从受感染细胞的质膜出芽；以及胞质分裂中的膜脱离步骤。在过去几年里，出现了大量新功能：微泡和外泌体的生物发生；质膜伤口修复；神经元修剪；有缺陷的核孔复合体的提取；核膜重塑；正链RNA病毒复制区室的形成；以及微自噬和巨自噬。大多数（也许是所有）功能都涉及ESCRT保守的膜颈导向活性，揭示了该机制在广泛的细胞生物学中具有非常广泛的作用。
