Brown Lisa, Wolf Julie M, Prados-Rosales Rafael, Casadevall Arturo
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 Oct;13(10):620-30. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3480. Epub 2015 Sep 1.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria, EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the thick cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi is still unknown. Nonetheless, EVs have been described in a variety of cell-walled organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cryptococcus neoformans. These EVs contain varied cargo, including nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins and enzymes, and have important roles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis. In this Review, we describe the current status of vesiculogenesis research in thick-walled microorganisms and discuss the cargo and functions associated with EVs in these species.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）由所有生命域产生。在革兰氏阴性菌中，EVs通过外膜的挤压产生；然而，EVs如何逃离革兰氏阳性菌、分枝杆菌和真菌的厚细胞壁仍不清楚。尽管如此，在包括金黄色葡萄球菌、结核分枝杆菌和新型隐球菌在内的多种有细胞壁的生物体中都已描述了EVs。这些EVs包含多种物质，包括核酸、毒素、脂蛋白和酶，并且在微生物生理学和发病机制中发挥重要作用。在本综述中，我们描述了厚壁微生物中囊泡形成研究的现状，并讨论了这些物种中与EVs相关的物质和功能。
