Rühm Werner, Woloschak Gayle E, Shore Roy E, Azizova Tamara V, Grosche Bernd, Niwa Ohtsura, Akiba Suminori, Ono Tetsuya, Suzuki Keiji, Iwasaki Toshiyasu, Ban Nobuhiko, Kai Michiaki, Clement Christopher H, Bouffler Simon, Toma Hideki, Hamada Nobuyuki
Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
Radiat Environ Biophys. 2015 Nov;54(4):379-401. doi: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6. Epub 2015 Sep 5.
The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). The present paper summarizes what was presented and discussed by experts from ICRP and Japan at a dedicated workshop on this topic held in May 2015 in Kyoto, Japan. This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g., BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection.
低剂量和低剂量率电离辐射对人类的生物学效应一直备受关注。国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）提出的最新概念是，利用所谓的剂量与剂量率有效性因子（DDREF），将高剂量和高剂量率下现有的流行病学数据外推至与放射防护相关的低剂量和低剂量率情况。本文总结了ICRP和日本的专家在2015年5月于日本京都举行的关于该主题的专门研讨会上所介绍和讨论的内容。本文根据剂量和剂量率效应方面新出现的科学证据，阐述了DDREF概念的历史发展，总结了一些国际组织（如BEIR VII、ICRP、SSK、联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会和世界卫生组织）最近得出的结论，提及了目前在分子、细胞、动物和人类层面获取更多低剂量和低剂量率效应数据的科学努力，并讨论了为改进和优化用于放射防护目的的DDREF概念可能有用的未来选择。
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