Yu Yang, Guerrero Candace R, Liu Shuo, Amato Nicholas J, Sharma Yogeshwar, Gupta Sanjeev, Wang Yinsheng
From the ‡Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program and.
§Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
Mol Cell Proteomics. 2016 Mar;15(3):810-7. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M115.052696. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
Defective copper excretion from hepatocytes in Wilson's disease causes accumulation of copper ions with increased generation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton-type reaction. Here we developed a nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with the isotope-dilution method for the simultaneous quantification of oxidatively induced DNA modifications. This method enabled measurement, in microgram quantities of DNA, of four oxidative stress-induced lesions, including direct ROS-induced purine cyclonucleosides (cPus) and two exocyclic adducts induced by byproducts of lipid peroxidation, i.e. 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine (εdA) and 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine (εdG). Analysis of liver tissues of Long-Evans Cinnamon rats, which constitute an animal model of human Wilson's disease, and their healthy counterparts [i.e. Long-Evans Agouti rats] showed significantly higher levels of all four DNA lesions in Long-Evans Cinnamon than Long-Evans Agouti rats. Moreover, cPus were present at much higher levels than εdA and εdG lesions. In contrast, the level of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-HmdC), an oxidation product of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-mdC), was markedly lower in the liver tissues of Long-Evans Cinnamon than Long-Evans Agouti rats, though no differences were observed for the levels of 5-mdC. In vitro biochemical assay showed that Cu(2+) ions could directly inhibit the activity of Tet enzymes. Together, these results suggest that aberrant copper accumulation may perturb genomic stability by elevating oxidatively induced DNA lesions, and by altering epigenetic pathways of gene regulation.
在威尔逊病中,肝细胞铜排泄功能缺陷导致铜离子蓄积,并通过芬顿型反应增加活性氧的生成。在此,我们开发了一种纳流液相色谱-纳电喷雾电离-串联质谱联用同位素稀释法,用于同时定量氧化诱导的DNA修饰。该方法能够在微克量的DNA中测量四种氧化应激诱导的损伤,包括直接由活性氧诱导的嘌呤环核苷(cPus)以及脂质过氧化副产物诱导的两种环外加合物,即1,N(6)-乙烯基-2'-脱氧腺苷(εdA)和1,N(2)-乙烯基-2'-脱氧鸟苷(εdG)。对构成人类威尔逊病动物模型的长-伊文斯肉桂大鼠及其健康对照[即长-伊文斯刺豚鼠]的肝脏组织分析显示,长-伊文斯肉桂大鼠中所有四种DNA损伤的水平均显著高于长-伊文斯刺豚鼠。此外,cPus的水平远高于εdA和εdG损伤。相比之下,5-甲基-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-mdC)的氧化产物5-羟甲基-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-HmdC)在长-伊文斯肉桂大鼠肝脏组织中的水平明显低于长-伊文斯刺豚鼠,尽管5-mdC的水平未观察到差异。体外生化分析表明,Cu(2+)离子可直接抑制Tet酶的活性。这些结果共同表明,异常的铜蓄积可能通过增加氧化诱导的DNA损伤以及改变基因调控的表观遗传途径来扰乱基因组稳定性。