Department of Environmental Health Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015 Dec;2(4):399-411. doi: 10.1007/s40572-015-0070-z.
Airborne particles have been associated with a range of adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes, which has driven its monitoring at stationary central sites throughout the world. Individual exposures, however, can differ substantially from concentrations measured at central sites due to spatial variability across a region and sources unique to the individual, such as cooking or cleaning in homes, traffic emissions during commutes, and widely varying sources encountered at work. Personal monitoring with small, battery-powered instruments enables the measurement of an individual's exposure as they go about their daily activities. Personal monitoring can substantially reduce exposure misclassification and improve the power to detect relationships between particulate pollution and adverse health outcomes. By partitioning exposures to known locations and sources, it may be possible to account for variable toxicity of different sources. This review outlines recent advances in the field of personal exposure assessment for particulate pollution. Advances in battery technology have improved the feasibility of 24-h monitoring, providing the ability to more completely attribute exposures to microenvironment (e.g., work, home, commute). New metrics to evaluate the relationship between particulate matter and health are also being considered, including particle number concentration, particle composition measures, and particle oxidative load. Such metrics provide opportunities to develop more precise associations between airborne particles and health and may provide opportunities for more effective regulations.
空气中的悬浮颗粒物与一系列不良心肺健康后果相关，这促使全球在固定的中心站点对其进行监测。然而，由于一个地区内的空间变异性以及个体特有的污染源，例如家庭烹饪或清洁、通勤时的交通排放，以及工作中遇到的各种不同的污染源，个体暴露水平与中心站点测量的浓度会有很大差异。使用小型电池供电仪器进行个人监测，可以在个体进行日常活动时测量其暴露水平。个人监测可以大大减少暴露分类错误，并提高检测颗粒物污染与不良健康后果之间关系的能力。通过将暴露水平分配到已知的地点和污染源，可以解释不同来源的毒性变化。本文综述了颗粒物污染个人暴露评估领域的最新进展。电池技术的进步提高了 24 小时监测的可行性，使我们能够更全面地将暴露归因于微环境（例如工作、家庭、通勤）。目前还在考虑新的指标来评估颗粒物与健康之间的关系，包括颗粒物数量浓度、颗粒物成分测量和颗粒物氧化负荷。这些指标为建立空气中的悬浮颗粒物与健康之间更精确的关联提供了机会，并可能为更有效的监管提供机会。
