Chapman Mary J, Healy Alice F, Kole James A
a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA.
b School of Psychological Sciences , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley , CO , USA.
Memory. 2016 Oct;24(9):1182-96. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1086380. Epub 2015 Sep 21.
In two experiments, subjects trained in data entry, typing one 4-digit number at a time. At training, subjects either typed the numbers immediately after they appeared (immediate) or typed the previous number from memory while viewing the next number (delayed). In Experiment 2 stimulus presentation time was limited and either nothing or a space (gap) was inserted between the second and third digits. In both experiments after training, all subjects completed a test with no gap and typed numbers immediately. Training with a memory load improved speed across training blocks (Experiment 1) and eliminated the decline in accuracy across training blocks (Experiment 2), thus serving as a cognitive antidote to performance decrements. An analysis of each keystroke revealed different underlying processes and strategies for the two training conditions, including when encoding took place. Chunking (in which the first and last two digits are treated separately) was more evident in the immediate than in the delayed condition and was exaggerated with a gap, even at test when there was no gap. These results suggest that such two-digit chunking is due to stimulus encoding and motor planning processes as well as memory, and those processes transferred from training to testing.
在两项实验中，受试者接受数据录入训练，每次输入一个4位数。在训练过程中，受试者要么在数字出现后立即输入（即时条件），要么在查看下一个数字时凭记忆输入前一个数字（延迟条件）。在实验2中，刺激呈现时间有限，并且在第二个和第三个数字之间要么不插入任何内容，要么插入一个空格（间隙）。在两项实验的训练结束后，所有受试者都完成了无间隙且即时输入数字的测试。带有记忆负荷的训练提高了各训练阶段的速度（实验1），并消除了各训练阶段准确性的下降（实验2），因此可作为应对表现下降的一种认知解药。对每次按键的分析揭示了两种训练条件下不同的潜在过程和策略，包括编码发生的时间。组块（将第一个和最后两个数字分开处理）在即时条件下比在延迟条件下更明显，并且即使在测试时没有间隙，间隙也会加剧这种组块现象。这些结果表明，这种两位数组块是由于刺激编码、运动计划过程以及记忆，并且这些过程从训练转移到了测试中。
