Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Water and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Cantabria, Avda de Los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain.
J Environ Manage. 2016 Jan 1;165:88-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.023. Epub 2015 Sep 27.
While the recycling of wastewater biosolids via land-application is a sustainable practice for nutrient recovery and soil reclamation that has become increasingly common worldwide, concerns remain that this practice may become a source of toxic, persistent organic pollutants to the environment. This study concentrates on assessing the presence and the temporal trends of 12 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pollutants of global consequence, in limed Class B biosolids from a municipal water resource recovery facility (WRRF), also know as a wastewater treatment plant. PFASs are of significant concern due to their extensive presence and persistence in environmental and biotic samples worldwide, most notably human blood samples. Class B biosolids were collected from the WRRF, prior to land-application, approximately every two to three months, from 2005 to 2013. Overall, this study found that concentrations of the 7 detectable PFAS compounds remained unchanged over the 8-year period, a result that is consistent with other temporal studies of these compounds in sewage sludges. From these analyzed compounds, the highest mean concentrations observed over the study period were 25.1 ng/g dw, 23.5 ng/g dw, and 22.5 ng/g dw for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), respectively, and these compounds were detected at concentrations 2.5-5 times higher than the remaining, detectable PFASs. Furthermore, it was observed that PFOS, while demonstrating no overall change during the study, exhibited a visible spike in concentration from late 2006 to early 2007. This study indicates that concentrations of PFASs in WRRFs have been stagnant over time, despite regulation. This study also demonstrates that the use of glass jars with polytetrafluoroethylene-lined lids, a common storage method for environmental samples, will not influence PFOA and PFNA concentrations in archived biosolids samples.
虽然通过土地应用回收废水生物固体是一种可持续的营养回收和土壤开垦实践，在全球范围内变得越来越普遍，但人们仍然担心这种实践可能成为环境中有毒、持久性有机污染物的来源。本研究集中评估了来自城市水资源回收设施（WRRF）的石灰 B 级生物固体中 12 种全氟烷基物质（PFAS）的存在和时间趋势，WRRF 也称为废水处理厂。PFAS 由于其在全球环境和生物样本中广泛存在和持久性而受到极大关注，尤其是在人类血液样本中。B 级生物固体在土地应用前从 WRRF 中收集，大约每两到三个月收集一次，从 2005 年到 2013 年。总的来说，这项研究发现，7 种可检测的 PFAS 化合物的浓度在 8 年期间保持不变，这一结果与其他关于这些化合物在污水污泥中的时间研究一致。在所分析的化合物中，研究期间观察到的最高平均浓度分别为 25.1ng/gdw、23.5ng/gdw 和 22.5ng/gdw，对于全氟壬酸（PFNA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS），这些化合物的浓度是其余可检测到的 PFAS 的 2.5-5 倍。此外，还观察到 PFOS 在研究期间没有表现出总体变化，但在 2006 年底至 2007 年初表现出浓度明显上升。这项研究表明，尽管有监管，但 WRRF 中 PFAS 的浓度随着时间的推移一直停滞不前。这项研究还表明，使用带有聚四氟乙烯衬里盖子的玻璃罐，这是一种常见的环境样品储存方法，不会影响存档生物固体样品中 PFOA 和 PFNA 的浓度。
